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Synchronous observations of the isotopic composition of water vapor and precipitation for 24 rain events were performed. Rain events driven by low-level jets exhibited similar isotopic changes in precipitation and water vapor. The vertical activity of water vapor in convection causes the isotopic variation in precipitation to be opposite to that of water vapor. Isotopic changes of precipitation in low-pressure systems were partially synchronized with that of water vapor at high but not low water vapor concentrations. Changes in microphysical meteorological properties in stratiform precipitation give rise to different patterns of isotopic changes in water. The re-evaporation of raindrops can be determined by the enrichment ratio of heavy isotopes in the water under the cloud base, which is closely related to the raindrop radius. Stratiform precipitation, with small raindrop sizes, was prone to kinetic fractionation under the cloud base. The raindrop radius of low-level jets was small, favoring exchange with surrounding air and re-evaporation. The moist air mass in convection facilitates isotopic exchange of raindrops with surrounding water vapor, leading to low enrichment ratios. The lowest enrichment ratios in low-pressure systems were due to environments characterized by large-scale water vapor convergence.

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Specific ion exchangers/adsorbents are used to separate low concentration rubidium (Rb) resources from seawater or salt lakes, especially potassium cobalt hexacyanoferrate (KCoFC) with high adsorption capacity and selectivity for Rb + . However, there are great challenges in recovery from solution for powder form KCoFC. Herein, a new immobilization strategy was presented, and KCoFC was encapsulated by synthetic hydrogels of hydroxypropyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol/reduced graphene oxide (KCoFC-HPR). Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to indicate the correct encapsulation of KCoFC. The adsorption behavior of KCoFC-HPR for Rb + was investigated, and the results demonstrated that the process conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model with the exchange of Rb + and K + as main adsorption mechanism. The maximum adsorption capacity for Rb + on KCoFC-HPR achieved 211.2 mg g À1 at 25 C. The interference of lithium and sodium ions (Li + /Na + :Rb + = 20:1) on the adsorption capacity proved negligible. Within 24 h, 77.9% of adsorbed Rb + on KCoFC-HPR in 0.5 mol L À1 NH 4 Cl/HCl mixture was desorbed, and adsorption capacity for the regenerated sample was 88.1% of the initial sample.