A new approach for the attachment of vertically-aligned shortened carbon nanotube architectures to a silicon (100) substrate by chemical anchoring directly to the surface has been demonstrated for the first time. The ordered assembly of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was accomplished by hydroxylating the silicon surface followed by a condensation reaction with carboxylic acid functionalised SWCNTs. This new nanostructure has been characterised by X-ray photoelectron, Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. The assembly behaviour of SWCNTs onto the silicon surface shows a fast initial step producing isolated functionalised carbon nanotubes or nanotube bundles anchored to the silicon surface followed by a slower step where the adsorbed nanotubes grow into larger aggregates via van der Waals interactions between adsorbed and solvated nanotubes. The electrochemical and optical properties of the SWCNTs directly attached to silicon have also been investigated. These new nanostructures are excellent electrochemical electrodes. They also fluoresce in the wavelength range 650-800 nm. The successful attachment of the SWCNTs directly to silicon provides a simple, new avenue for fabrication and development of silicon-based nanoelectronic, nano-optoelectronic and sensing devices. Compared to existing techniques, this new approach has several advantages including low operating temperature, low cost and the possibility of further modification.

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This paper reviews various methods for suppressing the shuttle effect, and the mechanisms of these methods were discussed in depth.

the volume expansion of electrodes, poor impact resistance, high potential for gas production, easy corrosion of aluminum foil and oxidation of copper foil. Liquid electrolytes show poor compatibility with electrodes in some potential high-energy batteries. Other drawbacks of liquid electrolytes derive from the unstable longterm life cycle and poor performance in restraining the growth of lithium dendrites in LIBs, especially when lithium metal is used as an anode. Some potential cathodes, including transition metals, polysulfides in sulfur electrodes, and organic electrodes, tend to dissolve in liquid electrolytes, hindering the development of next-generation batteries. [1][2][3][4] Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are considered a prospective approach to solving the above problems. [4] An alkali metal salt and polymer host, which plays a role as a solid matrix, form SPEs without additional organic liquid solvents. [5] Several outstanding advantages have been produced by SPEs over conventional liquid electrolytes such as low flammability, low electrolytes leakage, safety, high flexibility, and high stability between the electrode and electrolytes, etc. [6] Furthermore, SPEs possess excellent advantages over inorganic solid electrolytes, such as flexibility, light weight, ease of processing, suitability for large-scale manufacturing, and strong adhesion to electrodes. More importantly, the flexibility of polymer structural design and the suitability of various lithium salts and functional fillers provide many options for SPE design. [6][7][8] Among SPEs, high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based SPEs are commonly considered to be the finest candidates for polymer matrices due to their solvation power and complexation ability. [9] Wright et al. discovered that PEO can be used as a conductive matrix for alkali metal ions. [10,11] In 1983, Armand et al. reported the first PEO/Li + dry SPE system for LIBs (≈10 −4 S cm −1 at 40-60 °C). [12] Their pioneering work constituted a major breakthrough in the research on solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SSLIBs). Since then, polymers have attracted widespread attention as electrolytes for rechargeable SSLIBs. [8,[12][13][14] In LIBs, the SPE acts as an ion-conducting medium operating between the anode and cathode, and it plays the role of an electronically insulating separator. SPEs that meet these criteria should have six characteristics. [5][6][7][8] i) High ionic conductivity (σ) and high Li + transference numbers (t Li+ ). The polymers of SPEs must be able to dissolve sufficient amounts of lithium Solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for high electrochemical performance lithium-ion batteries have received considerable attention due to their unique characteristics; they are not prone to leakage, and they exhibit low flammability, excellent processability, good flexibility, high safety levels, and superior thermal stability. However, current SPEs are far from commercialization, mainly due to the low ionic conductivity, low Li + transference number (t Li+ ), ...

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