Polyimide (PI) aerogels have attracted great attention owing to their low density and excellent thermal stability. However, hydrophobic surface modification is required for PI aerogels to improve their ability in oil/water separation due to their amphiphilic characteristic. Two-dimensional MXenes (transition metal carbides/nitrides) can be utilized as nanofillers to enhance the properties of polymers because of their unique layered structure and versatile interface chemistry. Herein, the robust, lightweight, and hydrophobic PI/MXene three-dimensional architectures were fabricated via freeze-drying of polyamide acid/MXene suspensions and thermal imidization. Polyamide acid was synthesized using N-N-dimethylacetamide and 4,4′-oxydianiline. MXene (Ti3C2T x ) dispersion was obtained via the etching of Ti3AlC2 and ultrasonic exfoliation. Taking advantage of the strong interaction between PI chains and MXene nanosheets, the interconnected, highly porous, and hydrophobic PI/MXene aerogels with low density were fabricated, resulting in the improved compressive performance, remarkable oil absorption capacity, and efficient separation of oil and water. For the PI/MXene-3 aerogel (weight ratio, 5.2:1) without any surface modification, the water contact angle was 119° with a density of 23 mg/cm3. This aerogel can completely recover to its original height after 50 compression–release cycles, exhibiting superelasticity and exceptional fatigue-resistant ability. It also showed high absorption capacities to various organic liquids ranging from approximately 18 to 58 times of their own weight. This hybrid aerogel can rapidly separate the chloroform, soybean oil, and liquid paraffin from the water–oil system. The thermally stable hybrid aerogel also exhibited excellent fire safety properties and outstanding reusability under an extreme environment.

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Aminated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (A-MWCNT) were reacted with diphenylphosphinic chloride (DPP-Cl) to prepare the functionalized MWCNT (DPPA-MWCNT). A-MWCNT and DPPA-MWCNT were respectively mixed with polystyrene (PS) to obtain composites through the melt compounding method. SEM observations demonstrated that the DPPA-MWCNT nanofillers were more uniformly distributed within the PS matrix than A-MWCNT. PS/DPPA-MWCNT showed improved thermal stability, glass transition temperature, and tensile strength in comparison with PS/A-MWCNT, resulting from good dispersion and interfacial interactions between DPPA-MWCNT and PS matrix. The incorporation of DPPA-MWCNT to PS significantly reduced peak heat release rate, smoke production rate, and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide release in cone calorimeter tests. The enhanced fire-retardant properties should be ascribed to the barrier effect of carbon nanotubes, which could provide enough time for DPPA-MWCNT and its functionalized groups to trap the degrading polymer radicals to catalyze char formation. The char layer served as an efficient insulating barrier to reduce the exposure of polymer matrix to an external heat source as well as retarding the flammable gases from feeding the flame.

Fabricating high-performance MXene-based polymer nanocomposites is a huge challenge because of the poor dispersion and interfacial interaction of MXene nanosheets in the polymer matrix. To address the issue, MXene nanosheets were successfully exfoliated and subsequently modified by long-chain cationic agents with different chain lengths, i.e., decyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB), and dihexadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB). With the long-chain groups on their surface, modified Ti3C2 (MXene) nanosheets were well dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), resulting in the formation of uniform dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion within a polystyrene (PS) matrix. The thermal stability properties of cationic modified Ti3C2/PS nanocomposites were improved considerably with the temperatures at 5% weight loss increasing by 20 °C for DTAB-Ti3C2/PS, 25 °C for OTAB-Ti3C2/PS and 23 °C for DDAB-Ti3C2/PS, respectively. The modified MXene nanosheets also enhanced the flame-retardant properties of PS. Compared to neat PS, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) was reduced by approximately 26.4%, 21.5% and 20.8% for PS/OTAB-Ti3C2, PS/DDAB-Ti3C2 and PS/DTAB-Ti3C2, respectively. Significant reductions in CO and CO2 productions were also obtained in the cone calorimeter test and generally lower pyrolysis volatile products were recorded by PS/OTAB-Ti3C2 compared to pristine PS. These property enhancements of PS nanocomposites are attributed to the superior dispersion, catalytic and barrier effects of Ti3C2 nanosheets.

Rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries have aroused great attention in the recent years. Thousands of research articles have been published, and among those publications the majority are dedicated to improving the battery's performance through chemically and physically modifying the sulfur electrode, electrolytes, separator, and lithium anode. However, the single most important aspect, understanding the sulfur redox mechanism is sparse and overwhelmed by the huge volume of work This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 2 done on improving the battery's performance. Besides the intrinsic complexity of the sulfur redox chemistry, the most challenging task is to find an effective analytical technique for the quantitative and qualitative determination of the dissolved and solid polysulfides, including elemental sulfur. In this paper, the recent important research aiming to understand the redox mechanism of the sulfur electrode is reviewed in light of the unique analytical techniques used in the research. The review re-affirms the complexity of the sulfur redox chemistry and lays the background for the future mechanistic research for Li-S batteries.