Feline upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) includes a wide range of clinical signs and is not a specific disease. It is defined as a syndrome with clinical signs, such as nasal and ocular exudates, sneezing, conjunctivitis, cough, fever, lack of energy, and loss of appetite. The causes of feline URTD are divided into infectious and non-infectious causes. First, as for infectious causes, viruses such as feline herpesvirus (FHV) and feline calicivirus (FCV); primary bacteria such as Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica), Chlamydia felis (C. felis), and Mycoplasma felis (M. felis); and secondary bacteria such as Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) are suggested as major pathogens (Holst et al, 2010; Sykes, 2014; Litster et al, 2015). M. felis may be part of the normal bacterial flora in the feline upper respiratory tract but is mainly found in cats with respiratory signs or healthy cats living with infected cats. Recently, it has been considered a major pathogen in feline URTD (Holst et al, 2010; Hong et al, 2015; Lobova et al, 2019). However, a vaccine against M. felis infection has not yet been developed. Therefore, cats infected with M. felis are managed with adjuvant therapy to improve immunity along with long-term antibiotic administration (Lappin et al, 2017). P. multocida is a gram-negative bacterium classified into five serogroups (A, B, D, E, and F) based on capsule composition and somatic serotype (Kuhnert and Christensen, 2008

Background The association of gut microbiota with cancer etiology and prognosis has been demonstrated in humans and rodents but has not been studied in dogs with different types of tumors. Hypothesis/Objectives To analyze microbiome composition according to tumor progression based on metastasis, recurrence, and therapeutic response in canine tumors. Animals Thirty‐two client‐owned dogs were divided into 3 groups: healthy (n = 9), with lymphoma (n = 12), with nonlymphoid tumors (n = 11). Methods Retrospective case series included animals were divided into subgroups according to the nature and severity of their tumors. Feces were screened for the 16S rRNA gene. Results Overall, alpha diversity was significantly reduced in dogs with tumors (n = 23; 12 lymphoid and 11 nonlymphoid) compared to healthy dogs (n = 9). Bacteroides had lower abundance in canine tumors at genus level. Staphylococcus showed significantly reduced abundance in dogs with aggressive tumor progression. Higher white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts and lower hematocrit were significant in dogs with aggressive tumor. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis revealed several measurements that showed moderate to strong correlations, including Coprococcus with total WBC count, neutrophil count, and hematocrit in the aggressive tumor group, and Saccharimonas with serum albumin and sodium concentration in all tumor dogs. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The diversity of the gut microbiome was significantly reduced in dogs with tumors compared to healthy dogs. Correlations were found between changes in blood measurements and changes in microbiome composition in relation to paraneoplastic syndrome.

Background Neonatal calf diarrhea is a major problem in the cattle industry worldwide. Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum are the primary causative agents, especially during the first three weeks of the calf’s life. Objectives This study investigated the differences in acid-base, electrolytes, and biochemical parameters of diarrheic calves with infection of either rotavirus or C. parvum . Methods A total of 61 Korean native calves (≤ 20 days old) were divided into two groups based on rotavirus or C. parvum infections: rotavirus infection (n = 44) and C. parvum infection (n = 17). The calves with at a specific blood pH range (pH 6.92–7.25) were chosen for comparison. The acid-base, electrolyte, chemistry, and serum proteins were analyzed, Further, fecal examinations were performed. Results Compared to C. parvum -infected calves, the rotavirus-infected calves showed lower levels of total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ), anion gap, total protein, and albumin/globulin ratio, and significantly lower levels of potassium, globulin, and α2-globulin ( p < 0.05). The C. parvum -infected calves ( r = 0.749) had stronger correlations between pH and HCO 3 − than the rotavirus-infected calves ( r = 0.598). Compared to rotavirus-infected calves, strong correlations between globulin and α2-globulin, α2-globulin and haptoglobin were identified in C. parvum -infected calves. Conclusions This study is the first to investigate acid-base, electrolyte, and biochemical parameters in calves in response to infections of rotavirus and C. parvum . Although rotavirus and C. parvum cause malabsorptive and secretory diarrhea in similar-aged calves, blood parameters were different. This would help establish the diagnostic and treatment strategies.

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Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa. Despite the increasing acknowledgement that babesiosis represents a threat to animal and human health, to date there have been few studies focusing on the disease in the Republic of Korea (ROK).In the present study, we report a Babesia capreoli infection in an Ixodes nipponensis tick obtained from a Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). The tick was identified with polymerase chain reaction analysis as I. nipponensis (Japanese hard tick). A phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate found in I. nipponensis belonged to the B. capreoli lineage and was distinct from the Asian, European, and North American lineages of Babesia divergens. Although our isolate belonged to the B. capreoli lineage it did not form a cluster with others isolates in the same lineage; this may be due to differences in the tick species that transmit B. capreoli or in the host species. We were unable to identify the reservoir host for our case of B. capreoli transmission, though regional ticks may be the primary vector. This study confirms the presence of B. capreoli in the ROK, and its presence suggests that further study is warranted to determine its prevalence and pathogenicity in wild and domesticated animals.