Urban flooding is a severe disaster with considerable casualties, economic losses, and social impacts worldwide (Georgi et al., 2016;Lin et al., 2018;Qiang, 2019). According to the European Environment Agency report on urban adaptations to climate change in 2016, flooding has caused massive losses of economic assets in many European cities. For example, the flood damage to the community services in Dresden, Germany in 2002 was approximately 80 million euros (Georgi et al., 2016). In the USA, New York City has been hit by several extreme rainfall events, and the massive flood that occurred in 2012 claimed 45 lives and caused more than $20 billion in flood-associated damage to the city's buildings and infrastructure (Yin, Lin, & Yu, 2016;. Urban flooding has also frequently occurred in many cities in China, resulting in traffic paralysis and the inundation of residential and public buildings. In 2016, severe flooding occurred in many of the southern cities in China, killing 300 people, forcing over half a million to evacuate, and causing over $44.7 billion in economic losses (Shepard, 2016). In the next few decades, flood damages in urban areas are likely to be aggravated due to global trends in urbanization and climate change (Kundzewicz et al., 2014).Analysis of urban flooding has been taken extensively over the past decade (Bates et al., 2010;Miller et al., 2014;Z. Yin et al., 2011). Previous studies usually adopted urban flood models (e.g., Storm Water Management Model: SWMM, MIKE URBAN, and InfoWorks CS) to explore different aspects of urban flooding and their influencing factors (
