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Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted skin equivalents are highlighted as the new gold standard for alternative models to animal testing, as well as full-thickness wound healing. In this review, we focus on the advances and innovations of 3D bioprinting skin for skin regeneration, within the last five years. After a brief introduction to skin anatomy, 3D bioprinting methods and the remarkable features of recent studies are classified as advances in materials, structures, and functions. We will discuss several ways to improve the clinical potential of 3D bioprinted skin, with state-of-the-art printing technology and novel biomaterials. After the breakthrough in the bottleneck of the current studies, highly developed skin can be fabricated, comprising stratified epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis with blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and skin appendages. We hope that this review will be priming water for future research and clinical applications, that will guide us to break new ground for the next generation of skin regeneration.

Since the SARS-CoV-2 infection was identified in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 infection has rapidly spread worldwide and has become a significant pandemic disease. In addition, human death and serious health problem caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, the socio-economic impact has been very serious. Here, we describe the development of the viral vector vaccine, which is the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 expressed on the surface of Newcastle disease virus (LVP-K1-RBD19). The RBD protein concentrations on the viral surface were measured by the sandwich ELISA method. 106.7 TCID50/ml of LVP-K1-RBD19 has a 0.17 μg of RBD protein. Optical density (OD) values of mouse sera inoculated with 10 μg of RBD protein expressed on the surface of LVP-K1-RBD19 generated 1.78-fold higher RBD-specific antibody titers than mice inoculated with 10 μg RBD protein with alum at 28 dpi. Moreover, mice inoculated with 10 μg of RBD protein expressed on the surface of LVP-K1-RBD19 virus showed more than 80% neutralization at 1:256 against the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. These results demonstrated that inactivated LVP-K1-RBD19 virus produces neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in a short period and could be elect protective immunity in humans and LVP-K1-RBD19 will be a good candidate for the COVID-19 vaccine.

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