Although many studies have focused on oncology and therapeutics in cancer, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Due to the unclear molecular mechanism and complex in vivo microenvironment of tumors, it is challenging to reveal the nature of cancer and develop effective therapeutics. Therefore, the development of new methods to explore the role of heterogeneous TME in individual patients’ cancer drug response is urgently needed and critical for the effective therapeutic management of cancer. The organ-on-chip (OoC) platform, which integrates the technology of 3D cell culture, tissue engineering, and microfluidics, is emerging as a new method to simulate the critical structures of the in vivo tumor microenvironment and functional characteristics. It overcomes the failure of traditional 2D/3D cell culture models and preclinical animal models to completely replicate the complex TME of human tumors. As a brand-new technology, OoC is of great significance for the realization of personalized treatment and the development of new drugs. This review discusses the recent advances of OoC in cancer biology studies. It focuses on the design principles of OoC devices and associated applications in cancer modeling. The challenges for the future development of this field are also summarized in this review. This review displays the broad applications of OoC technique and has reference value for oncology development.

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Background: Efficient deposition of high-speed droplets on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces remains an important challenge. For anisotropic wired superhydrophobic leaf surfaces, the splashing phenomenon is especially serious because it leads to the low effective utilization of pesticides by biological targets. The lost pesticides cause serious ecological environment pollution, therefore there is an urgent need to develop a green and sustainable cost-effective strategy to achieve efficient deposition of high-speed droplets on anisotropic superhydrophobic leaf surfaces at low dosage.Results: One type of green pseudogemini surfactant is constructed based on fatty acids and hexamethylenediamine by electrostatic interaction to control the splashing and spreading of high-speed droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces. The formed surfactant can not only achieve complete inhibition of the bouncing of droplets, but also promote rapid spreading on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces at very low usage. The efficient deposition and superspreading phenomenon are attributed to the rapid migration and adsorption of the surfactant from the dynamic spherical micelles at the newly formed solid-liquid interface, the network-like aggregated spherical micelles, and the Marangoni effect caused by the surface tension gradient. Moreover, the surfactant shows an excellent synergistic effect with herbicides to control weeds by inhibiting droplet splashing. Conclusion:This work provides a simpler, more effective and sustainable approach to utilize aggregated spherical micelles rather than conventional vesicles or wormlike micelles to improve the droplet deposition on superhydrophobic leaf surfaces and reduce the impact of surfactants and pesticides on the ecological environment.

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