Compared with fossil fuel vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) maintain obvious and profound significance for the less city pollutant and operation noise. Moreover, EVs can benefit operation of the power systems via friendly feeding back the energy stored in the EV batteries into the grids when needed. The related research about charging of batteries for EVs has been extensively developed, which is one of the main issues for the application of EVs. This paper focuses on the cooperation between the battery demand and the supply curve problems, when the charging of EV is operated in the swapping way. Firstly, the concept of the swapping battery requirement (SBR) adequacy is presented, and then the corresponding mathematical model is established and the algorithm based on the Monte Carlo method is proposed. In addition, some critical factors which have great influence on the SBR and reserved fully charged battery (RFCB) curves are demonstrated, such as EVs driving cycle, battery capacity, average energy-consuming level and charging time. Simulation results are presented to verify the proposed method.Index Terms--Adequacy, Charging management, Demand and supply, Electrical Vehicle, Monte Carlo method, Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicle, Swapping battery requirement, Vehicle-to-grid (V2G).

This study proposes a novel mathematical model of COVID-19 and its qualitative properties. Asymptotic behavior of the proposed model with local and global stability analysis is investigated by considering the Lyapunov function. The mentioned model is globally stable around the disease-endemic equilibrium point conditionally. For a better understanding of the disease propagation with vaccination in the population, we split the population into five compartments: susceptible, exposed, infected, vaccinated, and recovered based on the fundamental Kermack-McKendrick model. He's homotopy perturbation technique is used for the semi-analytical solution of the suggested model. For the sake of justification, we present the numerical simulation with graphical results.

No abstract

Consciousness is the most precious function of brain; however, there is an explanatory gap between consciousness and matter, which is deemed to affect the scientific research on consciousness. We believe that a methodological trap commonly present in scientific research and the incompleteness of logic are the true reasons that affect the research on consciousness. Here, a novel logic tool, the non-identity law, was extracted from physics and applied into the analysis of the visual dynamics related to naturalistic observation of night-shot still life, whose methodological approach is consistent with Descartes’ matter-body-mind approach, breaking free from the methodological trap of current research. We show that visual system, the representative sensory system, has a postponed, recurrent out-of-body projection pathway from brain to observed object, besides the well-known feedforward signaling pathway available in existing literature, suggesting that human possesses an instinct of not only subjectively imaging (brain-generated imagery) but also projecting the image back onto the original or a particular place according to the clue of the manipulated afferent messenger light pathway. This finding adds a key piece of puzzle to the visual system. The out-of-body projection, coupled with neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), bridges the gap between consciousness and matter. This study in a self-contained and systematic manner provides a foundation for understanding the subjectivity and intentionality of human consciousness from the angle of visual awareness as well as the isomorphic relationships between unknowable original, private experience, and shareable expression (recording, calculus and deduction), showing that consciousness is obedient to certain rules rather than being unruly. The result paves the way for scientific research on consciousness and facilitates the integration of humanities and natural science.