Bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been employed as a mild biological template in nanoscale particles. Copper sulfide (CuS) has been used for photothermal therapy (PTT) in several studies. In this study, we aimed to synthesize the 131I‐labeled BSA‐modified CuS nanoparticles (131I‐BSA@CuS), with attributes of both radiotherapy and PTT, as a therapeutic agent against anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). BSA@CuS nanoparticles were prepared using the solvothermal reaction and then labeled with Na131I by the chloramine‐T method. The products were characterized and their cytotoxicity was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic efficacy of 131I‐BSA@CuS was evaluated in ARO cell (an ATC cell line) subcutaneous tumors. The nanoparticles showed good biocompatibility and low toxicity in vitro and in vivo. BSA@CuS rapidly and effectively converted the light energy from an 808 nm laser into thermal energy with a conversion efficiency of 28.07%. SPECT/CT imaging demonstrated that the accumulation of radioactivity peaked within 24 hr and resided in the tumors for 5 days post intratumoral injection. In vivo assays indicated that, compared to monotherapy, the synthesized nanoparticles employing both PTT and radiotherapy possess better therapeutic efficacy against tumors. The synthesized nanomaterial showed uniform dispersion, good stability and aqueous solubility, excellent photothermal properties, and long‐term retention in ATC. Hence, combined radiotherapy and PTT can significantly inhibit tumor growth compared to monotherapy, and can be applied in clinical settings.

Purpose Lugol's solution could control thyroid function and suppress 131 I uptake in hyperthyroidism. This study aimed to investigate the appropriate time to withdraw Lugol's solution before 131 I therapy (RIT) in Graves' disease (GD) patients, and how this should in uence thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb), 131 I uptake and RIT outcome.Methods Two groups (125 cases and 1805 cases) of GD patients reveived RIT, who were pre-treated with and without Lugol's solution (RI-CI group and RI group). The RI-CI group was further divided into the following sub-groups depending on the duration span between Lugol's solution withdrawal and RIT: sub-roup A, 4-7 d (n = 49); sub-group B, 8-14 d (n = 41); and sub-group C, 15-30 d (n = 35). The highest radioactive iodine uptake rate (RAIU max ), effective half-life (T eff ), TRAb, and free triiodothyronine (FT 3 ) and free thyroxine (FT 4 ) levels were compared, and therapeutic outcome was evaluated.Results There were no signi cant differences in RAIU max , TRAb, and T eff among the four sub-groups (P > 0.05). Both FT 3 and FT 4 levels in sub-groups A and B were lower than those in group RI and sub-group C (P < 0.05). The outcome of non-hyperthyroidism (euthyroidism + hypothyroidism) in groups RI-CI and RI were signi cantly different at post-RIT month 1 and 3 (P < 0.05). However, intergroup differences at 6 and 12 months were not signi cant (P > 0.05).Conclusions Withdrawal of Lugol's solution 4-7 or 8-14 d before RIT does not in uence 131 I uptake and RIT e cacy in GD. Moreover, in order to avoid a rapid increase in thyroid hormone levels at the same time, Lugol's solution should be withdrawn 4-7 d before RIT. BackgroundThe treatment of hyperthyroidism or Graves' disease (GD) by 131 I is a widely accepted approach in cases with preserved iodine uptake capacity of the thyroid gland [1, 2]. However, in GD patients with aggravated symptoms, immediate 131 I therapy (RIT) may be a risk factor for hyperthyroidism crisis if pre-treatment is not administered.Lugol's solution (containing 5% iodine and 10% potassium iodide) can quickly affect the iodine metabolism in the thyroid, decrease the iodine pool, prevent iodine uptake, inhibit proteolytic enzymes, reduce thyroglobulin decomposition, inhibit the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones, and quickly suppress serum thyroid hormone levels. Lugol's solution can also reduce blood ow to the thyroid gland, antagonize glandular congestion, and shrink and harden the gland. Clinically, Lugol's solution is often used with the aim of pre-operative preparation in GD patients. Lugol's solution is also used in patients with precursor hyperthyroidism crisis, hyperthyroidism patients with liver damage, neutropenia or other severe complications after antithyroid drug (ATD), and patients with aggravated symptoms after RIT.However, the use of Lugol's solution shall affect 131 I uptake and the e cacy of RIT in GD patients. Hence, the appropriate commencement and secession of Lugol's solution as a pre-treatment before RIT is an interesting

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common disorder due to inadequate thyroid hormone secretion, In patients with hypothyroidism, levothyroxine (LT4) is the treatment of choice, and tablets are the most common dosage form. However, the main limitation of tablet LT4 is malabsorption. Objective: This study intends to develop a new dosage form of percutaneous drug delivery for levothyroxine. Absorption of levothyroxine sodium through the application of gel formulation was studied using a hypothyroidism rat model. Methods: A formulation of levothyroxine sodium gel was developed and selected. In-vitro transdermal experiments were performed using the vertical Franz diffusion pool method, and gel formulation was used for animal research (hypothyroidism rats model). Total 30 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, and one was the normal control group. The other 5 groups were prepared as hypothyroidism models. After applying different doses of gel preparation to the rat model, we measured serum total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) using fluorescence determination of luminescence immunoassay. Results: The optimum formulation of levothyroxine gels comprised 20% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), 5% glycerol, 2% azone, and 6% oleic acid. The application of levothyroxine sodium gel resulted in quick and smooth action so that the predicted level of the normal control group could be reached within 2 weeks, and it lasted steadily for 8 weeks. Conclusion: This research study successfully developed and tested an optimal formulation of levothyroxine gel with therapeutic benefit on hypothyroidism in rats.