In this study we investigated the association between the perceived coach-athlete relationship and athletes' 3 basic psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Participants were 328 Korean collegiate athletes from various sports. The study results showed that, overall, the perceived coach-athlete relationship was related to the athletes' basic psychological needs. Specifically, commitment and closeness were significantly correlated with competence and autonomy, whereas complementarity was significantly correlated with competence and relatedness.

This research examined behavioral (i.e. movement time) and neuromuscular (EMG) characteristics of unilateral and bilateral aiming movements of children with normal motor development and children with developmental coordination disorders ( D O ) . Two age groups of children were studied 6 to 7, and 9 to 10 year olds. Bilateral aiming movements involved moving the two hands to targets of either (1) the same amplitude -symmetrical bilateral movements, or (2) different amplitudes -asymmetrical bilateral movements.Unilateral aiming movements involved moving one hand to either near or far targets associated with that hand. In general, unilateral and bilateral movement times were slower in younger than older children, and in children with DCD than children with normal motor development. Our neuromuscular data suggest that the faster movement times that typically accompany increasing age in children may be the result of a change in the capacity to initiate antagonist muscle contractions. The prolonged burst of agonist activity and delayed onset of antagonist activity observed in children with DCD mag contribute to their inability to produce fast. accurate unilateral movements. On both symmetrical and asymmetrical bilateral aiming movements, children with DCD had more performance errors and greater temporal inconsistencies between neuromuscular (EMG) parameters and behavioral (movement time) parameters than children with normal motor development. These new neuromuscular data suggest that there are important differences in the way the motor control systems of children with and without DCD organize bilateral aiming responses.

ObjectivesThis study was designed to evaluate the synergistic antibacterial effect of xylitol and ursolic acid (UA) against oral biofilms in vitro.Materials and MethodsS. mutans UA 159 (wild type), S. mutans KCOM 1207, KCOM 1128 and S. sobrinus ATCC 33478 were used. The susceptibility of S. mutans to UA and xylitol was evaluated using a broth microdilution method. Based on the results, combined susceptibility was evaluated using optimal inhibitory combinations (OIC), optimal bactericidal combinations (OBC), and fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC). The anti-biofilm activity of xylitol and UA on Streptococcus spp. was evaluated by growing cells in 24-well polystyrene microtiter plates for the biofilm assay. Significant mean differences among experimental groups were determined by Fisher's Least Significant Difference (p < 0.05).ResultsThe synergistic interactions between xylitol and UA were observed against all tested strains, showing the FICs < 1. The combined treatment of xylitol and UA inhibited the biofilm formation significantly and also prevented pH decline to critical value of 5.5 effectively. The biofilm disassembly was substantially influenced by different age of biofilm when exposed to the combined treatment of xylitol and UA. Comparing to the single strain, relatively higher concentration of xylitol and UA was needed for inhibiting and disassembling biofilm formed by a mixed culture of S. mutans 159 and S. sobrinus 33478.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that xylitol and UA, synergistic inhibitors, can be a potential agent for enhancing the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacy against S. mutans and S. sobrinus in the oral environment.

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