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With the deregulation of the power sector, distribution system planning is transforming from the traditional integrated decision mode to the multiple-player-based decentralized paradigm. However, this could potentially cause an adverse impact on the performance of the system due to interest conflict of market players during operations. To address such an issue, this paper develops a game-theoretic framework for active distribution network planning under the electricity market. The interplay between the distribution utility (DISCO) and distributed generation investors (DGO) is formulated as a noncooperative, two-person-based Stackelberg game in which the DISCO, as the leader of the game, makes expansion of the grid to achieve the least-cost operation, and DGOs, as followers, pursue for maximizing their profits from DG investment based on the condition of the network structure. The real-time network reconfiguration has been considered as a new active management option in this work, and the uncertainties associated with DG are also taken into account. To solve such game-theoretic model effectively, a heuristic-based algorithm is also proposed and combined with the dynamic optimal power flow analysis. The numerical results on a 33-bus distribution network verify the validity of the proposed methodology.

Porous asphalt (PA) mixtures are designed with a high air void (AV) (i.e., 18~22%) content allowing rainwater to infiltrate into their internal structures. Therefore, PA mixtures are more sensitive to moisture damage than traditional densely graded asphalt mixtures. However, the moisture damage evolution of PA mixtures is still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the moisture damage evolution and durability damage evolution of PA mixtures. The indirect tensile test (ITT), ITT fatigue test, and Cantabro loss test were used to evaluate the moisture sensitivity and durability of PA mixtures, and a staged ITT fatigue test was developed to investigate the damage evolutions under dry and wet conditions. Indirect tensile strength (ITS), fatigue life, indirect tensile resilience modulus (E), and durability decreased with the increment of moisture damage and loading cycles. The fatigue life is more sensitive to the moisture damage. The largest decrements in ITS and E were found in the first 3000 loading cycles, and PA mixtures tended to fail when the decrement exceeded 60%. Damage factors based on the ITS and E are proposed to predict the loading history of PA mixtures. The durability damage evolution and damage factors could fit an exponential model under dry conditions. Moisture had a significant influence and an acceleration function on the moisture damage evolution and durability damage evolution of PA mixtures.

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