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Narrow-band performance is obtained with inductive loads and with series or parallel resonance circuit loads. In Figure 2 is shown the dispersion curves in the case of an inductive load and with series and parallel resonance loads. Negative values of 0 d 3 ᑬ͕1/␣͖ can be realized with resonant loads. In the same curve we find backward wave region, also called "left-handed" region, when the group velocity is negative. It is possible to reach the desired optimum performance or tune the waveguide properties by changing the h/d ratio. The results show that we can have large qd values, thus making strong spatial variations in field along the array. Extremely slow waves and resonant modes exist. At a certain frequency, when the group velocity v g is zero but the phase velocity v p is nonzero, a standing wave in the array is observed, and therefore a resonator can be realized. Formulas (3.6) and (3.7) are extremely useful when one analyses resonance structures because the functions are well behaved and rapidly converging. This saves computer time and the formulas can also be expressed in a compact form. REFERENCES 1. V.S. Veselago, The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of and .