Analysis of Relative Over-investment and Under-investment of Economies on Panel Data for 122 Countries of the World The aim of this paper is to evaluate relative over-investment or under-investment of economies. To achieve this, we build a panel regression for 122 countries, where rates of investment and capital-output ratios are explained by key fundamental variables stemming from the theory in Chapter 1. We present implied-equilibrium values for both variables and all the countries in the sample. Countries of the former Soviet Union, the USA and Germany, for example, were identified as relatively underinvested. Large Asian economies such as China, India and Indonesia, and some countries of Latin America and Africa appeared to be overinvested. No significant imbalance was identified for Czechia, Slovakia and Hungary, while Poland showed to be relatively underinvested.
Z teoretického pohledu lze vnější ekonomickou nerovnováhu vnímat jako problém chronické přeinvestovanosti či podspořenosti ekonomik. Proces nápravy vnější ekonomické rovnováhy proto chápeme jako proces systematického přibližování míry národních úspor a investic k dlouhodobě rovnovážným hodnotám, který může být zachycen jako strukturální zlom v časových řadách. V empirické části práce jsme se pokusili ověřit dlouhodobé dopady nápravy vnější ekonomické nerovnováhy na ekonomický růst -konkrétně zda strukturální zlomy v trendu veličin vztahujících se k vnější ekonomické rovnováze souvisí s výskytem strukturálních zlomů trendu HDP. Výsledky naznačují, že dlouhodobá náprava vnější ekonomické nerovnováhy je spojena s vyšší pravděpodobností výskytu zhoršení dlouhodobého trendu HDP, avšak nebyl prokázán žádný jednosměrný kauzální vliv.
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Modelling Equilibrium Deviations of Exchange Rates from Purchasing Power ParityWe construct a simple model of exchange rates stemming from the methodology of behavioural equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) models on annual panel data for 34 countries with a floating exchange rate regime during the period 2000-2020. The basic building block of the model is the absolute version of purchasing power parity theory (the ratio of domestic and foreign price levels), further extended by other variables rooted in economic theory. A complementary interpretation of our approach could be a measurement of exchange rate deviations from purchasing power parity caused by variation in economic fundamentals. The results suggest that purchasing power parity is an appropriate reference point for exchange rate models. Furthermore, national currencies tend to be stronger against the euro with higher GDP per capita, interest rates, investment freedom, urbanization rate and terms of trade, and with lower inflation. The presented deviations of exchange rates from the model equilibrium are significantly lower than those implied by a naïve model based on purchasing power parity alone.
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