Background: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is an adverse event after exposure to opioids which would increase pain intensity. The optimal drug to prevent these adverse effects is still unclear. We aimed to perform a network meta-analysis to compare different pharmacological interventions in preventing the increase in postoperative pain caused by OIH. Methods: Several databases were searched independently for randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different pharmacological interventions in preventing OIH. The primary outcomes were postoperative pain intensity at rest at 24h and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Secondary outcomes included pain thresholds at 24h after surgery, cumulative morphine consumption over 24h, time to first postoperative analgesic requirement, and the incidence of shivering. Results: In all, 33 RCTs comprising 1711 patients were identified. In terms of postoperative pain intensity, amantadine, magnesium sulphate, pregabalin, dexmedetomidine, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen plus dexmedetomidine, parecoxib, parecoxib plus dexmedetomidine, and S (+)-ketamine plus methadone were associated with milder pain intensity than placebo, with amantadine ranked the most effective (SUCRA values =96.2). In terms of the incidence of PONV, intervene with dexmedetomidine or flurbiprofen plus dexmedetomidine means a lower incidence placebo and dexmedetomidine showed the best result (SUCRA values =90.3). Conclusions: Amantadine was identified as the best in postoperative pain intensity as well as non-inferior to placebo in the incidence of PONV. Dexmedetomidine was the only intervention that is superior to placebo in all indicators.

It is considered to be of great significance to monitor human health and track the effect of drugs by measuring human temperature mapping through flexible temperature sensors. In this work, we found that the thermal annealing of flexible temperature sensors based on graphite–acrylate copolymer composites can not only improve the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) values of the devices, but also greatly improve the uniformity of the performance of the devices prepared in parallel. The best results were obtained when the devices were annealed at 100 °C, which is believed to be due to the rearrangement of graphite particles to generate more uniform and numerous conductive channels within the conductive composite. We believe this finding might promote the practical development of flexible temperature sensors in body temperature sensing for health maintenance and medical applications.

Background: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is an adverse event of prolonged opioid use that increases pain intensity. The optimal drug to prevent these adverse effects is still unknown. We aimed to conduct a network meta-analysis to compare different pharmacological interventions for preventing the increase in postoperative pain intensity caused by OIH.Methods: Several databases were searched independently for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing various pharmacological interventions to prevent OIH. The primary outcomes were postoperative pain intensity at rest after 24 h and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Secondary outcomes included pain threshold at 24 h after surgery, total morphine consumption over 24 h, time to first postoperative analgesic requirement, and shivering incidence.Results: In total, 33 RCTs with 1711 patients were identified. In terms of postoperative pain intensity, amantadine, magnesium sulphate, pregabalin, dexmedetomidine, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen plus dexmedetomidine, parecoxib, parecoxib plus dexmedetomidine, and S (+)-ketamine plus methadone were all associated with milder pain intensity than placebo, with amantadine being the most effective (SUCRA values = 96.2). Regarding PONV incidence, intervention with dexmedetomidine or flurbiprofen plus dexmedetomidine resulted in a lower incidence than placebo, with dexmedetomidine showing the best result (SUCRA values = 90.3).Conclusion: Amantadine was identified as the best in controlling postoperative pain intensity and non-inferior to placebo in the incidence of PONV. Dexmedetomidine was the only intervention that outperformed placebo in all indicators.Clinical Trial Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac. uk/prospero/display_record.php?, CRD42021225361.