Acoustic actuation of fluids at small scales may finally enable a comprehensive lab-on-a-chip revolution in microfluidics, overcoming long-standing difficulties in fluid and particle manipulation on-chip. In this comprehensive review, we examine the fundamentals of piezoelectricity, piezoelectric materials, and transducers; revisit the basics of acoustofluidics; and give the reader a detailed look at recent technological advances and current scientific discussions in the discipline. Recent achievements are placed in the context of classic reports for the actuation of fluid and particles via acoustic waves, both within sessile drops and closed channels. Other aspects of micro/nano acoustofluidics are examined: atomization, translation, mixing, jetting, and particle manipulation in the context of sessile drops and fluid mixing and pumping, particle manipulation, and formation of droplets in the context of closed channels, plus the most recent results at the nanoscale. These achievements will enable applications across the disciplines of chemistry, biology, medicine, energy, manufacturing, and we suspect a number of others yet unimagined. Basic design concepts and illustrative applications are highlighted in each section, with an emphasis on lab-on-a-chip applications.

Prussian Blue Analogue (PBA) Mn(3)[Co(CN)(6)](2)·nH(2)O porous nanocubes were successfully synthesized in high yield at room temperature in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of synthetic parameters such as surfactant, the ratio of different solvents on the morphology and size of the particles were investigated. The experimental results showed that poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and solvent ethanol play critical roles in the formation of uniform porous nanocubes. N(2) adsorption properties indicated that the Mn(3)[Co(CN)(6)](2) porous nanocubes with an average diameter of 240 nm possessed a high surface area of 675 m(2) g(-1) with total volume of 0.354 cm(3) g(-1). Moreover, the porous nanocubes showed high CO(2) adsorption at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of Mn(3)[Co(CN)(6)](2) nanomaterials and their CO(2) adsorption applications at the nanoscale.

The application of Prussian blue analogue (PBA) Mn(3)[Co(CN)(6)](2)·nH(2)O porous nanocubes as absorbents for heavy metal ions has been demonstrated. The result indicates that Mn(3)[Co(CN)(6)](2)·nH(2)O porous nanocubes with average diameter of 240 nm possess excellent adsorption efficiency for Pb(2+) ions (94.21% at initial Pb(2+) concentration of 10 mg L(-1)). Moreover, Mn(3)[Co(CN)(6)](2)·nH(2)O porous nanocubes can also show high adsorption efficiency on heavy metal ions even in a strong acidic solution due to its chemical stability. Notably, an external magnet could be used to accelerate the separation of Mn(3)[Co(CN)(6)](2)·nH(2)O from the treated solution. It is suggested that the high adsorption efficiency may derive from the large surface area, M(3)(II)[M(III)(CN)(6)](2)·nH(2)O porous framework structure and affinity between polarizable π-electron clouds of the cyanide bridges and heavy metals ions.