Purpose A series of studies have reported a change in the length or thickness of the anterior taloibular (ATFL) and calcaneoibular (CFL) ligaments in patients with chronic ankle instability. However, no study has examined the changes in the angle between the ATFL and CFL in patients diagnosed with chronic ankle instability. Therefore, this study analyzed the change in the angle between the ATFL and CFL in patients diagnosed with chronic ankle instability to conirm its relevance. Methods This retrospective study included 60 patients who had undergone surgery for chronic ankle instability. Stress radiographs comprising the anterior drawer test, varus stress test, Broden's view stress test, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in all patients. The angle between the ATFL and CFL was measured by indicating the vector at the attachment site, as seen on the sagittal plane. Three groups were classiied according to the angle between the two ligaments measured by MRI: group I when the angle was > 90°, Group II when the angle was 71-90°, and Group III when the angle was ≤ 70°. The accompanying injuries to the subtalar joint ligament were analyzed via MRI. Results A comparison of the angles between the ATFL and CFL measured on MRI in Group I, Group II, and Group III with the angles measured in the operating room revealed a signiicant correlation. Broden's view stress test revealed a statistically signiicant diference among the three groups (p < 0.05). The accompanying subtalar joint ligament injuries difered signiicantly among the three groups (p < 0.05). ConclusionThe ATFL-CFL angle in patients with ankle instability is smaller than the average angle in ordinary people. Therefore, the ATFL-CFL angle might be a reliable and representative measurement tool to assess chronic ankle instability, and subtalar joint instability should be considered if the ATFL-CFL angle is 70° or less. Level of evidence Level III.

The patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are important in assessing the patient's overall health, lesion-specific outcomes, and condition-specific outcomes. PROMs are also known as "scoring systems" and are usually in questionnaires. There are almost a hundred different PROMs available in foot and ankle surgery. Each PROM has its merits, demerits, and validity. Selecting an appropriate PROM is important for adequately evaluating a patient's health status. This article summarizes the most frequently used PROMs in the literature on foot and ankle surgery and presents the authors' recommendations.

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Background The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes of sodium tetradecyl sulphate (STS) sclerotherapy for conservative treatment of lateral malleolar bursitis of the ankle. Methods We reviewed data from 20 consecutive patients (20 ankles) who underwent STS sclerotherapy between August 2018 and June 2019. After aspiration of fluid from the lateral malleolar bursal sac, 2 mL (20 mg) STS was injected into the sac. Clinical outcomes and side effects and complications were evaluated at 2 weeks, 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years after sclerotherapy. Responses to treatment were assessed according to degree of fluctuation, shrinkage of the bursal sac, and soft-tissue swelling. The 36-item short form survey (SF-36) was completed for each patient before and after therapy. Results Complete response was observed in 17 patients (85%), and partial response was observed in 3 patients (15%) after STS sclerotherapy. SF-36 physical component scores improved from 62.2 (interquartile range, 5.2) before therapy to 70.0 (interquartile range, 7.9) at last follow-up ( p < 0.05). One patient (5%) experienced transient hyperpigmentation at the injection site. No major complications occurred. Conclusions STS sclerotherapy was an effective and safe treatment for patients with lateral malleolar bursitis of the ankle.

Chronic extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon rupture is relatively rare, but in such cases, surgical repair is necessary to prevent hallux dysfunction. To the best of our knowledge, reconstruction of chronic EHL rupture using a split tibialis anterior tendon autograft has not been previously reported. Here we present a case of spontaneous EHL tendon rupture with a 5 cm gap in a healthy 57-year-old woman. At the 1-year follow-up evaluation, hallux function was restored, and the patient was well satisfied with results.