BackgroundObserved breast, cervical and colon cancer screening rates are below provincial targets for the province of Ontario, Canada. The populations who are under- or never-screened for these cancers have not been described at the Ontario provincial level. Our objective was to use qualitative methods of inquiry to explore who are the never- or under-screened populations of Ontario.MethodsQualitative data were collected from two rounds of focus group discussions conducted in four communities selected using maps of screening rates by dissemination area. The communities selected were archetypical of the Ontario context: urban, suburban, small city and rural. The first phase of focus groups was with health service providers. The second phase of focus groups was with community members from the under- and never- screened population. Guided by a grounded theory methodology, data were collected and analyzed simultaneously to enable the core and related concepts about the under- and never-screened to emerge.ResultsThe core concept that emerged from the data is that the under- and never-screened populations of Ontario are characterized by diversity. Group level characteristics of the under- and never- screened included: 1) the uninsured (e.g., Old Order Mennonites and illegal immigrants); 2) sexual abuse survivors; 3) people in crisis; 4) immigrants; 5) men; and 6) individuals accessing traditional, alternative and complementary medicine for health and wellness. Under- and never-screened could have one or multiple group characteristics.ConclusionThe under- and never-screened in Ontario comprise a diversity of groups. Heterogeneity within and intersectionality among under- and never-screened groups adds complexity to cancer screening participation and program planning.
While buccal cells provide an easily accessible source of genomic DNA, the amount extracted may be insufficient for many studies. Whole genome amplification (WGA) using multiple displacement amplification (MDA) may optimize buccal cell genomic DNA yield. We compared the usefulness, in epidemiological surveys, of DNA derived from buccal cells collected by alcohol mouthwash and amplified by WGA protocol and standard protocols. Buccal cell collection kits were mailed to 300 randomly selected members of a large cohort study, and 189 subjects returned buccal cell samples. We determined: (i) which QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit extraction protocol (tissue or blood) produced more DNA; and (ii) whether it is feasible to use MDA to prepare DNA for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping of markers such as the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes. The two DNA extraction protocols were tested on 20 different patient samples each. The tissue protocol yielded more DNA than the blood protocol (15.4+/-8.6 vs. 7.6+/-7.1 microg, p<0.0001). The 20 DNA samples extracted using the tissue protocol were then subjected to pre- and post-MDA genotyping using amplicons for the MTHFR SNP at C677T and the intron 8 VDR SNP. No genotyping discrepancies were detected in pair-wise comparisons of pre- and post-MDA. Genotyping DNA from MDA-based WGA is indistinguishable from routine polymerase chain reaction and offers a stable DNA source for genomic research and clinical diagnosis.
Schon zahllose Untersuchungen prfiften die Beeinflussung der Lebens-vorgi~nge durch Narkotica. Dies ergibt sich verst~ndlicherweise aus den Bediirfnissen der klinischen Medizin und der Tatsache, dab der grSl~te Tell der Tierexperimente in Narkosen durchgefiihrt wird. Vort den Funktionen und l~egulationen am narkotisierten Tiere versucht man auf natiirliche Verhiiltnisse zu schlief~en. Die Berechtigung dazu ist um so grS!~er, je besser man die dutch die Narkose bedingten _~mderungen im Ablauf normaler Funktionen ken~t. Einen wichtigen Faktor, der bei jeder Verwendung der Narkotica vor allen im Tierexperiment zu berficksichtigen ist, stellt die Wirkung der Narkosemittel auf die oxydativen Prozesse dar: Man vermag ihre GrSl~e dureh Bestimmung des O2-Verbrauchs und der COs-Ausscheidung in der Aus~tmungsluft zu bestimmen. Wenn man die Anschauung vertritt, da6 alle Lebenserscheinungen eng zusammenhs dann mfissen viele Umstellungen z.B. im Zellstoffwechsel, der Atmung, dem I~.eislauL und W~rmehaushalt im respiratorischen Stoffwechsel zum Ausdruck kommen. Dieser gibt uns damit Anhaltspunkte, um die Wirkung einzelner Mittel auf Iebende Organismen zu beurteilen. ~berblickt man im Schrifttum die Angaben fiber den Einfluf5 verschiedener Narkotica auf den 03-und CO~-Wechsel, so finder man viele eingehende Untersuchungen. Diese sind an Kaltblfitern, Medusen und Seeigeleiern oder an isolierten Geweben, wie zerriebenen Muskeln, isoliertem Froschrfickenmark, Gehirn-, Leber-, Nieren-, Zwerchfeilgeweben usw. durchgeffihrt worden und stellen fibereinstimmend eine Senkung des 02-Verbrauchs lest, wenn :Narkosemittel darauf einwirken.Am intakten Warmblfiterorganismus liegen nur wenige Untersuchungen vor, die sich mit den Ver~nderungen des respiratorischen Stoffwechsels in der Narkose beschiiftigen. Schon 1884 zeigte Rump] z mit Hilfe des P/liigerschen Respirationsapparates, dab dureh sine Narkose die CO2-Ausscheidung um 60% heruntergehen karm. Einen wertvollen'Beitrag Zu dieser Fragestellung lieferte Heymans 3, der bei versehiedenen Sehlaf-und Narkosemitteln fortlaufend die CO~-Abgabe bestimmte und auch gleichzeitlg die Xnderungen des Atemvolumens
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