The aim of the study was to review the radiologic features of primary tuberculosis in childhood and to determine whether differences in patterns of disease occur among age and ethnic groups. Chest radiographs of 191 children with pediatric primary tuberculosis were reviewed by two observers. Lymphadenopathy, present in 92% of cases, was the most common abnormality identified on the initial chest radiograph and typically involved the hilar and paratracheal regions. Parenchymal abnormalities, identified in 70% of cases, occurred more commonly in the right lung (P less than .001). Children 0-3 years of age had a higher prevalence of lymphadenopathy (P less than .01) and a lower prevalence of parenchymal abnormalities (P less than .001) than older children. A lower prevalence of lymphadenopathy was found in whites than in nonwhites (P less than .02). The radiologic abnormalities often progressed in the initial follow-up. Lymphadenopathy, with or without concomitant parenchymal abnormality, is the radiologic hallmark of primary tuberculosis in childhood. However, distinct age-related and racial differences in presenting patterns of disease exist and should be recognized.

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A for Injection (1), and the most promising approaches for their validation. Experts from industry, regulatory authorities, German ministries, academia, research, national and international validation centres, and animal welfare organisations, were invited to actively participate in the meeting. The objective of the Expert Meeting was to review available alternative methods for BoNT potency testing, and to formulate recommendations for making progress toward implementing the Three Rs, i.e. Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement, in BoNT potency testing. In addition, ways in which communication on BoNT issues between manufacturers, researchers and regulators could be encouraged, and how improvements in regulatory harmonisation between different countries and continents could be achieved, were discussed. The meeting started with presentations by the individual participants, giving an overview on the regulatory and scientific status of alternative methods to the LD50 test for BoNT potency testing. Afterwards, the participants were divided into two separate break-out groups. Break-out Group 1 discussed the regulatory requirements for BoNT potency testing and the validation and implementation of alternative methods. Break-out Group 2 discussed the developed and available alternative methods and their suitability for reducing, refining or replacing the LD50 potency test.

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Workforce intermediaries offer great potential for improving the practice of workforce development, but they are not yet having a significant impact on changing how urban labor markets work. In assessing the significance of intermediaries, one should place as much emphasis on changing the hiring and advancement practices of employers as on increasing the supply of trained workers. Workforce and economic development need to be better linked to expand the scale and scope of what intermediaries can accomplish, and two strategies are offered for making this link. The first way includes sectoral strategies. Leading foundation-led sectoral initiatives that employ a workforce intermediary strategy are discussed. The second strategy is to create more comprehensive links between workforce and economic development activity, particularly at the city level. Chicago and Seattle are offered as examples of cities that use different strategies to make the link.