No abstract

Carboxyl groups can be introduced into crosslinked polystyrene by a two step process involving 2-chlorobenzoylation and cleavage of the product using a mixture of potassium tert-butoxide and water. The reaction yields can be estimated easily by the change in weight of the resin and by chlorine analysis. Carboxyl groups can also be introduced via benzoylation. The previously described method of introducing carboxyl groups, in which crosslinked polystyrene is chloromethylated and the product oxidized to a formyl resin, which is then oxidized to a carboxyl resin, can be improved by using peracetic acid in methanesulphonic acid as the oxidant in the last step. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Carboxylgruppen konnen in vernetztes Polystyrol uber einen ZweistufenprozeD durch 2-Chlorbenzoylierung und Aufspaltung des Reaktionsproduktes mit einer Mischung von Kalium-tert-butoxid und Wasser eingefuhrt werden. Den Umsatz kann man durch die Gewichtsanderung des Harzes und durch Chloranalyse leicht abschatzen. Carboxylgruppen konnen auch durch Benzoylierung eingefuhrt werden. Das bereits beschriebene Verfahren, um Carboxylgruppen einzufiihren, indem man vernetztes Polystyrol chlormethyliert, das erhaltene Produkt zu einem Formylharz oxidiert und dieses Produkt zu einem Carboxylharz weiteroxidiert, kann durch die Verwendung von-Peressigsaure in Methansulfonsaure als Oxidationsmittel im letzten Schritt verbessert werden.

zation to obtain subjects for their pupils; and consequently the neglect of the mollusca continues.The work of Lang might have advantageously been supplemented by a chapter calling attention to the gaps in our knowledge and emphasizing the need of research and the rewards which will undoubtedly fall to the lot of him who decides to investigate patiently in a field where not one in a thousand species is anatomically known, and where a careful embryological study, as of the development of the gills in Pelecypods, will produce the most far-reaching results, if carried out with thoroughness.When this student appears, he will find in the work of Lang a storehouse of facts and a record of hypotheses which cannot fail to be of the greatest service in his studies.time it had not occurred to anyone to investigate these humble resources, which had apparently impressed all observers as possessing little of interest or of importance. And yet the investigation proved that the clays of -the state were the raw material of the most important of all its mineral industries, and they had evidently been passed by, because of their ordinary and simple nature, because they did not appeal to the imagination. The experience is not unique, as will be seen from the following incident. While the writer was recently discussing the subject with a Russian friend, the latter remarked that he had discovered on the steppes, extensive deposits of china-clay, which, when worked up and sold, would bring $150.00 per ton. He had great difficulty in' arousing interest, and yet had he found in any such quantity, gold ore official scientific bodies. Conditions have greatly changed since then; the vitrified brick industry has sprung up ; shales, once the most despised and neglected of rocks, are now utilized in elnormous quantity; clays are purified and washed, and the ceramic arts have made great strides.It is but just to Dr. Ries to say that his writings have contributed in no small degree to the result and have brought within the reach of workers and readers alike, the possibilities of this invaluable raw material. The present work is his most extensive contribution. To estimate it properly, it must be appreciated that it is intended as much for the practical workers as for the libraries and laboratories of institutions of learning. The balancing of theoretical investigations with descriptive matter has therefore been necessarily considered with care by the author, but it has been performed with discretion and in a way to attain the most useful result. The scientific reader, however, will be glad to know that all the author's results in the investigation of the physical properties of clays have not yet been published and that further contributions may be expected.The work opens with the generalities of clays; their origin; mineralogy; properties; analysis; classification; geologic distribution in New York and in the United States.The methods of digging clay and the geologic features of the deposits are then described, after which the brickmaking indus...