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Recibido: 1 de febrero de 2018 / Aceptado: 18 de mayo de 2018 Resumen. Este artículo analiza la emergencia del movimiento cooperativo en Portugal a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, enfocando el legado premoderno revelado en el origen social de sus promotores, así como en los valores morales y objetivos propuestos. Se basa en una revisión exhaustiva de los actos y estatutos fundacionales de las sociedades cooperativas y en la comparación entre estos últimos y las normas escritas de las instituciones premodernas para la acción colectiva: los regimientos de los gremios de oficios y las posturas municipales de las comunidades rurales. Los datos disponibles permiten sostener que las primeras cooperativas, después de las sociedades de ayuda mutua, fueron creadas principalmente por la comunidad artesanal, que utilizaba la cooperación para asegurar la continuidad de las antiguas prácticas. Las funciones cumplidas por los gremios artesanales, las hermandades, los comunes y otras instituciones premodernas fueron superadas por sus contrapartes modernas en un proceso de ajuste institucional al nuevo marco político y legal. De esta manera, se argumenta que, a pesar de la naturaleza diferente del movimiento de asociaciones voluntarias decimonónicas, la resiliencia del autogobierno, la mutualidad y el control social tiene que estar relacionada con la previa acción colectiva corporativa multisecular. Palabras clave: Análisis a largo plazo; Instituciones premodernas para la acción colectiva; Datos empíricos históricos; Legado histórico; Movimiento cooperativo portugués. Claves Econlit: N00; N01; 035.[en] Resilient alliances: portuguese cooperative movement in the transition to modern times Abstract. This article analyses the cooperative movement emergency in Portugal on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, focusing the pre-modern legacy revealed in their promoters' social origin, as well as in the moral values and purposed objectives. It is based on a comprehensive review of cooperative societies' foundation acts and statutes and in the comparison between these latter with the pre-modern institutions for collective action written normsthe craft guilds regimentos (regulations) and the rural communities posturas (municipal ordinances). The available data allows one to sustain that the earliest cooperatives, following mutual-aid societies, were mainly created by the craft community, which was making use of cooperation to assure the continuity of ancient practices. The functions fulfilled by the craft guilds, the brotherhoods, the commons and other pre-modern institutions were overtooked by their modern counterparts in a process of institutional adjustment to the new political and legal framework. In this way, is argued that, despite the different nature of nineteen century voluntary associations movement, the resilience _____________ 60 Dias Pereira, J. Revesco (128) 2018: 59-75 of self-governance, mutuality and social control has to be related to the previous centuries of corporate collective action.

Resumo: A conjuntura em que o Sindicalismo Revolucionário se difunde entre os trabalhadores organizados portugueses coincide com o período balizado pela recessão económica dos finais do século XIX e o seu trágico desfecho -a imposição de uma solução autoritária. É nesta época que a classe operária emerge como novo protagonista social em Portugal, opondo-se aos pilares do regime vigente -o capitalismo, o parlamentarismo e o domínio burguês. Desde meados do século XIX que as suas associações de classe crescem em número de associados, lideradas pelo Partido Socialista Português, que lhes incutia um carácter puramente reformista. É na alvorada do século XX que o seu movimento muda de feição, adoptando paulatinamente a acção directa contra o patronato como única forma de fazer frente ao crescente aumento da carestia de vida, que caracteriza todo este período. A eficácia da nova táctica, importada de França, transforma radicalmente o movimento dos trabalhadores, atraindo anarquistas, radicalizando socialistas e, sobretudo, transformando as velhas associações de classe em sindicatos modernos, que mobilizarão de facto as massas operárias. O poder de atracção do Sindicalismo Revolucionário residia nas conquistas parciais e imediatas que satisfaziam os reformistas e as massas trabalhadoras despolitizadas, não obstante o seu propósito  a transformação radical da sociedade através da substituição do capitalismo pela gestão sindical. Todavia, estes postulados não atravessam a crise do sistema liberal incólumes. Fenómenos como a Revolução Política, a Grande Guerra, a Revolução Russa e a reacção patronal determinam a evolução ideológica, no 1º quartel do século XX, dos dirigentes operários e das próprias escolas socialistas. Palavras-chaves:Movimento Operário; Evolução Ideológica; Conjuntura Histórica; Século XX. Abstract:The circumstances under which the revolutionary unionism influences organized portuguese workers coincides with the economic recession of late 19th century and it's tragic outcome -the imposing of an authoritarian solution. In the same period, the workingclass emerges as a new social protagonist in Portugal, opposing the regime pillarscapitalism, parliamentarianism and the bourgeois domain. Since the mid-19th century, their associations grow in number, led by the reformist Portuguese Socialist Party. It is at the dawn of the 20th century that the movement changes by slowly adopting direct action against employers, as the only way to confront the growing cost of living which characterizes the whole period. The effectiveness of this new tactic, imported from France, transforms the workers movement radically, attracting anarchists, hardening socialists and, especially, transforming the old class associations into real trade unions, mobilizing workers. The attractiveness of revolutionary unionism came from partial and immediate gains that satisfied the reformers and the apolitical working masses, despite it's purpose -the radical

Despite growing interest in African civil society and the enduring legacy of colonialism, studies on this theme with a historical perspective are still few. This article analyses the evolution of associational life in Luanda from its origins in the mid-nineteenth century until the decolonisation in 1974. It is based on a complete census of the officially recognised bylaws, which confirmed that formal associationism was exclusive to settlers and a minority of ‘assimilated’ natives. Modern associations among the ‘detribalised’ urban populations, never recognised by the colonial authorities, were considered by analysing ethnographic research. Historical empirical evidence sustains the idea that the colonial encounter determinately shaped civil society and the public sphere, determining the inequality in access and exercise of citizenship while illustrating the strategies used by native people to overcome legal and political constraints to associationism.