This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the potential of Social Innovation (SI) for social transformation. Being a popular concept, SI has been discussed for decades, increasingly recognized for its complexity. A systematic review of the literature on SI was undertaken to understand the state-of-the-art, the evolution of the concept and its core underpinnings in order to meet the research aim of this paper. The literature is relatively broad in relation to general characteristics of SI and contexts where it is happening, but the use of the ‘social innovation’ term often reveals semantic problems, generating multiple, interchangeable and mixed understandings. In this paper, we identify and discuss two ways of using SI in the literature: (i) one that favours the materialization of SI, as something tangible that can be observed, measured and systematically analysed; we called this a cartesian approach; and (ii) another that uses systemic thinking focussing on successful factors of SI to enhance its transformative capacity in existing system(s) through change in routines, resources, and beliefs; we called this a disruptive approach. While still emerging in SI literature the academic discussion about SI dynamics and its transformative capacity is increasingly addressed by scholars. We conclude the paper by arguing that more transformative-driven and systemic SI may enhance its potential to lead change, while it only creates transformation when it scales-up or out, and when it has durability and transformative impact.

Introduction Electric bikes (e-bikes) may help in transport decarbonisation in European cities. To fully assess the market potential of e-bikes, further research is needed to understand users' preferences and the range of factors that can contribute to people to shift from car use to low carbon vehicles such as e-bikes. This paper is built on the Be4Schools R&D project implemented in the smart city of Águeda in Portugal. It comprised the former study in the country that examined the willingness of students (aged 15-21 years) to use e-bikes for daily trips to school and that gathered their preferences towards specific ICT related attributes. Methods The methodology comprised a mobility survey and a stated-choice experiment (SC). The SC experiment gathered 2232 observations for modelling which were able to provide the relevant attribute informa'on trade-off between car travel, route and ebike features (with or without specific ICT equipment).An extensive econometric analysis using was performed to assess the nature and extent of students' heterogeneity of preferences which also considered gender issues. The study aimed to contribute to the regional economic cluster on powered twowheels' industry & innovation.Results The absence of cycling infrastructures (segregated from main road) and the absence of cycle lanes in the road infrastructure were ranked as the first, second and third most important barriers, by 25.4% and 24.8% of the students, respectively.The importance of a dedicated cycling route to school (segregated from main traffic) revealed to be critical as the odds of choosing an e-bike was found to be 6.5 times higher in comparison with the "no cycling infrastructure" option, ceteris paribus. This finding is aligned with the fact that cyclists would need to be exposed to high levels of motorized traffic in main roads and to increased perceived risks.The market potential of e-bikes is likely to be higher if ICT features can be added to e-bikes as the odds of choosing an e-bike when it comes with the preferred ICT devices is 1.7 times higher than the opposed situation (e-bike without additional ICT devices). Conclusions Research results are interesting for mobility policies and industry as the possible integration of ICT equipment in ebikes may speed up the market uptake of this technology in smart cities. On the other hand, cycling infrastructures seem to be critical elements for increasing the demand for both conventional and e-bikes in the smart city of Águeda.

Local knowledge and communities’ active role in disaster risk areas are recognized in the literature as key conditions to better understand risks, enhance adaptive capacities and foster local resilience. A participatory action research project in forest fire-prone areas in Monchique, Portugal, is aligned with the literature and adopts participatory mapping as a method that can bring evidence to the importance of local knowledge and communities’ agency. In the BRIDGE Project, different types of knowledge are integrated, triggering local/collective agency and fostering a forest fire community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR) approach. An innovation laboratory (InnoLab) provides the space for dialogue and knowledge sharing for different actors that manage forest territories. In the InnoLab, participatory mapping is used as a method to engage landowners where risk factors and local vulnerabilities were identified. Their active engagement enabled a collective perception in the assessment of vulnerability and led to the identification of strategic measures for risk reduction. This paper shares the process and outcomes of this participatory mapping, highlighting the benefits of a community approach and the importance of local knowledge and practices as recognized in the literature. It also reveals how the active role of local stakeholders can help drive a CBDRR process.

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Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of therapeutics that combine the lethality of potent cytotoxic drugs with the targeting ability of antibodies to selectively deliver drugs to cancer cells. The synthesis of ADCs is challenging, and studies in this area show that their therapeutic effect is highly dependent on the chemistries used to connect both functions. Therefore, the linker evolved in recent years from being a simple chemical spacer to a functional structure that controls the potency and selectivity of ADCs. The linker provides a platform to integrate mechanisms to access synthetic homogeneity, stability in circulation and more importantly the installation of chemical units that release the drug as a response to the disease chemical environment. In this study we show for the first time the synthesis of a reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) responsive ADC (VL-DAB31-SN-38) that is highly selective and cytotoxic to B-cell lymphoma (CLBL-1 cell line, IC50 value of 54.1 nM). The synthesis of this ADC was possible due to the discovery that diazaborines (DABs) are a very effective ROS responsive unit (0.422 and 0.103M-1S-1 with 100 and 10 equiv. of H2O2 respectively), that is also very stable in buffer (over 14 days at different pHs) and in plasma (over 5 days). DFT calculation performed on this system revealed a favourable energetic profile (ΔGR = –74.3 kcal/mol) similar to the oxidation mechanism of aromatic boronic acids. DABs very fast formation rate and modularity enabled the construction of different ROS responsive linkers featuring self-immolative modules, bioorthogonal functions and bioconjugation handles. These structures were used in the site-selective functionalization of a VL antibody and in the construction of the homogeneous ADC. The enclosed ROS-responsive linker technology based on DABs, is expected to become a valuable tool to prepare stimuli responsive therapeutic materials, as ROS is a very important hallmark in several important diseases