Of the 181 unduplicated Escherichia coli strains isolated in nine different hospitals in three Portuguese regions, 119 were extended-spectrum ␤-lactamase (ESBL)-CTX-M producers and were selected for phenotype and genotype characterization. CTX-M producer strains were prevalent among community-acquired infections (56%), urinary tract infections (76%), and patients >60 years old (76%). In MIC tests, all strains were resistant to cefotaxime, 92% were resistant to ceftazidime, 93% were resistant to quinolones, 89% were resistant to aminoglycoside, and 26% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; all strains were sensitive to carbapenems, and 92% of the strains had a multidrug resistance phenotype. Molecular methods identified 109 isolates harboring a bla CTX-M-15 gene, 1 harboring the bla CTX-M-32 gene (first identification in the country), and 9 harboring the bla CTX-M-14 gene. All isolates presented the ISEcp1 element upstream from the bla CTX-M genes; one presented the IS903 element (downstream of bla CTX-M-14 gene), and none had the IS26 element; 85% carried bla TEM-1B , and 84% also carried a bla OXA-30 . Genetic relatedness analysis based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis defined five clusters and indicated that 76% of all isolates (from cluster IV) corresponded to a single epidemic strain. Of the 47 strains from one hospital, 41 belonged to cluster IV and were disseminated in three main wards. CTX-M-producing E. coli strains are currently a problem in Portugal, with CTX-M-15 particularly common. This study suggests that the horizontal transfer of bla CTX-M genes, mediated by plasmids and/or mobile elements, contributes to the dissemination of CTX-M enzymes to community and hospital environments. The use of extended-spectrum cephalosporins, quinolones, and aminoglycosides is compromised, leaving carbapenems as the therapeutic option for severe infections caused by ESBL producers.

Sixteen strains of Escherichia coli isolated between January and June 2005 in a hospital in Algiers carry the ISEcp1 element and the TEM and either CTX-M-3 (n ‫؍‬ 3) or CTX-M-15 (n ‫؍‬ 13) ␤-lactamases. Fourteen of the isolates are multidrug resistant. Five isolates from the neonatal ward were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.CTX-M-type enzymes are the extended-spectrum ␤-lactamases (ESBL) most commonly produced by Enterobacteriaceae (4), and more than 55 CTX-M-type ␤-lactamases have been described (http://www.lahey.org/studies/webt.htm). Despite the prevalence of ESBL in Enterobacteriaceae, data from Algeria are scarce (although the prevalence has been reported to be 20 to 45%) (18). We investigated the phenotypic and ge-

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