The goal of this article is to determine regularities concerning structural changes in the industrial and service sectors in Poland in the light of trends observable in the development of the world and national economies. The analysis embraces Poland in the years of the socio-economic transformation, but because of access to comparable data it focuses mainly on the years 2000-2014. Use is made of measures commonly applied in economic geography (employment, gross value added) and indicators based on them (mainly the structure and dynamics of change). First, the change in the role of the industrial and service sectors in the Polish economy as compared with other EU states is analysed in the light of the theoretical conceptions presented in the literature. Examined next are changes in the internal structure of the sectors and in the level of their innovativeness. The research showed there to be only slight changes in the role of the two sectors over the study period. Changes in the structure of the industrial sector tend towards its modernisation, which can signal steps taken for re-industrialisation.
Działalność usługowa, będąca ważną częścią współczesnej gospodarki, nieustannie podlega zmianom. Zmiany te są uwarunkowane procesami ekonomicznymi, które wynikają m.in. z postępu technologicznego, nasilającej się globalizacji i zwiększającej się konkurencyjności. Zgodnie z teoriami działalności usługowej, coraz większego znaczenia nabierają usługi wyspecjalizowane, w których zatrudniani są pracownicy o wysokich kwalifikacjach zawodowych. Do tych usług należą dynamicznie rozwijające się usługi o wysokim nasyceniu wiedzą. Na rozwój usług wyspecjalizowanych wpłynął także wzrost zapotrzebowania na nowoczesne usługi w dobie rozwoju gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. Zmiany zachodzące w strukturze usług są ściśle związane z procesem rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. W procesie rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego, według Flejterskiego, Panasiuka, Perenca i Rosy (2005), wyróżnia się cztery fazy rozwoju sektora usług: (1) fazę pierwotną charakteryzującą się dominacją usług, które nie wymagają wysokich kwalifikacji, (2) fazę wzrostową, która cechuje się rozwojem usług wymagających pewnych kwalifikacji, (3) fazę obsługi przemysłu i wzrostu konsumpcji usług oraz (4) fazę rozwoju usług opartych na wysokich technologiach. Nowoczesne usługi oparte na wiedzy odgrywają ważną rolę w rozwoju gospodarczym. Celem artykułu jest próba przybliżenia kwestii terminologicznych związanych z usługami nowoczesnymi oraz próba odpowiedzi na pytanie o ich rolę w rozwoju nowoczesnych gospodarek.
Service activity, which is an essential part of modern economy, is constantly changing. The changing economic reality also involves changes in research orientations. Changes in the subject of interest in the literature related to geography of services are a reflection of the changes taking place in services. Economic changes, as well as technological and civilisation progress, result in the emergence of new directions of research, as well as the disappearance of some of the existing ones, which in current circumstances are losing their relevance. The beginnings of geography of services as a distinctive scientific discipline date back to the 1970s. Previously, service research was part of the field of settlement research. The 1970s brought an increased interest in services, which initiated the process of crystallising geography of services, manifested in both theoretical and methodological work. The article discusses current changes in Polish geography of services, in particular its new trends and research directions.
Level of Development of Electronic Services in Poland Compared with the European Union States The development of information and telecommunications technology has been a breakthrough in the economy and social life. Both modern and traditional sectors of the economy rely on ICT to manufacture new or much improved products and to modify and improve various types of services, e.g. educational, financial, medical, or administrative. With the propagation of ICT there have appeared new ways of acquiring information, learning, doing shopping, or spending leisure time. Thus, progress in ICT contributes to the formation of a knowledge-based economy and an information society. The chief aim of this article is to analyse the level of development of electronic services in Poland against the backcloth of other European Union states. The following issues will be discussed in more detail: (1) the state of physical infrastructure necessary for the development of e-services in Poland and other EU states, (2) the level of development of selected types of e-services for individual consumers and enterprises in Poland, and (3) a comparison of the level of development of selected types of e-services with other EU states.
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