In almost 27% of the study population, GISTs coexisted with other neoplasms. A greater proportion of patients with a GIST localized in the small intestine and/or characterized by a very low risk of aggressive behavior and accompanying other neoplasms, compared with a GIST alone, most likely reflects the fact that in the first group, GISTs tended to be an incidental finding during surgery. The results were affected by patient selection and the type of tissue material available.

The aim of the present study was to assess the blood the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) as prognostic factors in breast cancer (BC) patients. A retrospective analysis of 436 BC patients who were treated at COI (Gliwice, Poland) between January 2005 and June 2018 was performed. The prognostic value [overall survival (OS)] of the pre-treatment PLR, NLR and MLR was assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis. The 5-year OS was lower in the NLR >2.65 compared with that in the NLR≤2.65 group (82.5 vs. 89.6%; P=0.053), and significantly lower in the subgroup of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC; 70.3 vs. 89.3%; P=0.034) and in patients whose tumors had an estrogen receptor-negative [ER(-)] status (66.6 vs. 83.6%; P=0.018). The 5-year OS was lower in patients with PLR >190.9 compared with that in the PLR≤190.9 group (78.7 vs. 89.4%; P=0.020). A poor OS rate associated with an elevated PLR was also observed in the subgroups with TNBC (68.2 vs. 88.5%; P=0.032) and with ER(-) status tumors (57.7 vs. 83.6%, P=0.002). An elevated MLR (>0.28) was not associated with OS time (P=0.830). Multivariate analysis revealed that the NLR and PLR were insignificant negative prognostic factors, except for the subgroup of patients with ER(-) tumors, where an elevated NLR [hazard ratio (HR)=2.40; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-4.80; P=0.013] and a higher PLR (HR=2.51; 95%CI: 1.23-5.14; P=0.012) were independent prognostic factors for poor OS together with lymph node metastasis ((HR=5.47; 95%CI: 2.46-12.15; P=0.0001 and HR=4.82; 95% CI: 2.15-10.78; P=0.0001), respectively. The present results revealed that an elevated NLR (>2.65) and PLR (>190.9) are associated with poor OS in BC patients. In the ER(-) subgroup of patients, an elevated NLR and PLR were significant independent prognostic factors. However, the MLR did not affect OS.

IntroductionWilms’ tumour is one of the commonest malignant tumours of childhood. It appears mainly in the first 5 years of life. Incidental examples of nephroblastoma in adults have been described in literature (about 3% of all described cases). There are diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in that older age group. The preoperative diagnosis of nephroblastoma in adults is difficult because there are no specific radiographic findings that allow to distinguished it from the more common adult renal tumors. Histopathologically, there is no difference between adult and childhood Wilms’ tumor.Materials and methodsThe PubMed database and current literature search was conducted for reports on clinical and histopathological features of nephroblastoma in adults. We also reviewed the literature in terms of treatment strategy, toxicity and prognostic factors.ResultsUp till now, several biological factors have been identified that may be in future new prognostic factors. Modern treatment regiments improved OS in this group of patients (OS rates of 90%). The prognosis remain still worse for about 25% of patients with anaplastic, bilateral and recurrent disease.ConclusionsDue to the fact that nephroblastoma is a very rare type of cancer, adult patients should be treated in an individual way based on the available schemes used in children. Toxicity in adults is higher than in children.

Tumor protein 53 () is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes tumor protein p53. Tumor protein p53 regulates the expression of target genes in response to cellular stress. Additionally, p53 participates in the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair and apoptosis. Mutations in the gene are associated with numerous types of human cancer, including breast cancer, sarcomas, brain tumors and adrenal cortical carcinomas. In breast cancer, mutations are a negative prognostic factor. Tumors with mutations are more likely to be aggressive (triple-negative or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer), and resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In addition to a well-known mutation, a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms have been systematically identified and evaluated in human populations. In the present article, the role of mutations and polymorphisms in clinical practice and breast cancer treatment has been described. Additionally, the existing data on polymorphisms in breast cancer as prognostic and predictive factors have been summarized. A literature search of these topics was performed through PubMed and abstracts of the main cancer congresses in recent years.

The presence of BRCA1 mutations is associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. The present study compared clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival (OS) of hereditary and sporadic breast cancer. Using data collected from a previous study conducted between 2007-2016 at the Maria Skłodowska Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology (Gliwice, Poland), the prognostic factors and survival in 60 breast cancer mutation carriers were analyzed. A control group was selected from the breast cancer patients without BRCA mutations (n=386). BRCA mutation carriers had significantly worse survival when compared with non-carriers (P=0.017). The 10-year OS rate was 78.0% for all analyzed groups: 65.9% for BRCA mutation carriers and 81.1% for non-carriers. In the univariate analyses, BRCA mutation carriers had a significantly higher risk of mortality in comparison to non-carriers [hazard ratio (HR)=1.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-3.25]. Increased tumor size (HR=3.64), lymph node metastases (HR=2.45) and higher histological grade (HR=2.84) were significant factors for worse OS. Positive estrogen receptor status was associated with a better OS (HR= 0.49, P= 0.022). Age ≤40 years (HR= 0.48, P= 0.081) was an insignificantly favorable factor. The 10-year survival rate was significantly decreased in patients with BRCA1 mutation. Therefore, negative factors for OS in mutation carriers included lymph nodes metastases, negative steroid receptor status and increased tumor size.