Since energy transition has become a necessity, many countries are developing decarbonization plans and looking for ways to reduce CO2 emissions. The process takes different forms, most often being affected by local conditions, which means that it takes place in each country differently, due to the country’s social and economic specifics. One of the countries that has just started its energy transition process is Poland. The case of Poland is extremely interesting, as it is a country whose economy is still heavily dependent on coal and there are very strong traditions related to this particular source of energy. On the other hand, Poland has two very good reasons to move away from coal. The complexity and comprehensiveness of the energy transition results, among other things, from the diversity of actors involved in this issue and the multiplicity of their, often conflicting, interests. Using a critical discourse analysis, this paper attempts to show how those actors attempt to shape the transition through the discourses which they generate. The study covers the media discourse that took place in Poland between September 2020 and May 2021, i.e., a time when the Polish government negotiated with representatives of the miners’ trade unions the terms of Poland’s transition from coal. A critical analysis of the texts that appeared in the media during this time provides a picture of how different groups of social actors perceive the transition and how they try to manage that process.

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Abstract. The basic aim of this paper is the comparative analysis, both theoretical and empirical, of selected aspects of entrepreneurship in Poland and Austria. The significance of the selected topic, most of all, results from the role and impact entrepreneurial activities have on the welfare of societies, both economically and socially. Keeping in mind the diversity and complexity of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship, one must in particular consider its integral relationship with economic activity and development, both of the individual and of the society at large. In economic terms, entrepreneurship is usually interpreted as the ability to creatively and innovatively solve business problems, combined with the ability to use opportunities arising from economic activity. Our empirical studies on the analysis and assessment of entrepreneurial attitudes were conducted on the basis of data published by the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development within the framework of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) study. Selected aspects of entrepreneurship in international terms were subjected to analysis. Particular emphasis was placed on assessing Poland's situation compared to that of other countries. Special attention was drawn to institutions supporting entrepreneurship in both countries and an attempt was made to specify the directions of their future actions.

The article presents the issue of implementing sustainable development in cities with particular emphasis on the economic and social aspects, which together with the environmental one constitute the three pillars of this very concept. The most important social and economic problems of the world's largest cities are presented, as well as the current strategies of cities such as Singapore, London, New York and Dubai, which perform particularly well in these categories. A section analysing the operating effectiveness of cities on the basis of the Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index is presented.

Theoretical considerations show that negotiation is a very important element of interorganisational relations. According to the relationship model by P. S. Ring and A. H. van de Ven (1994), which is still valid today, negotiation is, besides the formation of commitments and their implementation, one of the 3 stages in the formation of interorganisational relationships. Efforts at the negotiation stage are often necessary to provide participants with an opportunity to assess the uncertainty involved in the transaction, the nature and substance of each participant's roles, the trust that can be placed in the other party, the rights and responsibilities of the participants in the transaction and the possible efficiency and equality of outcomes. This paper will attempt to answer the question of how the pandemic has changed the way business negotiations and talks are conducted and what impact this has on business relationships. To this end, with reference to the aforementioned business relationship model, research questions were formulated, the core of which was to reveal how remote negotiations affect the trust in the relationship and how the fact that remote negotiations affects the dynamics of the relationship, compared to face2face negotiations. The answers to the questions posed in this way were obtained by conducting a survey of Polish managers who are involved in negotiation on a daily basis and who have shifted their activities to online platforms during the pandemic.