Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) technology is an effective tool in treatment of acute pain. Numerous studies show the effectiveness of this method both in a clinical context and in the laboratory. However, research results on the effectiveness of VR in pediatric venipuncture pain is not conclusivenot all studies report the analgesic effect of VR. In addition to testing effectiveness of VR, we also assess the usability of a novel hands-free interface. Practice Implications: VR can be as an effective tool to minimize pediatric pain and stress due to venipuncture. The MOT-based VR game was suitable for children at the studied age range. This solution can be easily applied by nurses in their clinical practice. Design and Methods

Virtual reality (VR) technology is a remarkably effective method for distracting attention from painful stimuli. This is particularly important for children who undergo painful and stressful medical treatments. The main aim of the present study was to examine whether the type of VR distraction had an effect on reducing pain and stress in children during a short blood sampling treatment, and to investigate the effectiveness of mobile VR. Fifty-seven patients of a pediatric nephrology clinic (Mage = 12, participated in a between-group experimental design study. Participants in the treatment group (active vs passive VR) underwent a venipuncture procedure with VR distraction. Mobile VR (Samsung gear) was used in this study. Participants in the active VR experimental condition played a game based on the multiple object tracking task paradigm. In the passive VR experimental condition, participants watched a film similar to the presented game. All participants rated their pain and stress levels on the Visual Analogue Scale and completed a short questionnaire. Both VR groups reported significantly lower pain and stress intensity than the control group. When comparing the two experimental groups, no statistically significant differences were found, although participants differed in their level of perceived pain and stress, with greater benefits in the active VR. The present study focused on comparing the effect sizes of active and passive VR interventions. Additionally, the study confirmed feasibility of using Multiple Object Tracking paradigm as a method of attention distraction in VR.Recent evidence has shown that virtual reality (VR) technology is an extremely effective method for distracting attention from painful stimuli, allowing an individual to experience being immersed in-and feel present in-a simulated Beata Šulžickaja, holder of a master's degree in psychology, graduated in 2015. Deeply interested in neuroscience and the therapeutic potential of Virtual Reality in reducing pain, stimulating intellectual capacity and improving mental health. In collaboration with VR4Health and the University of Wroclaw since 2017.Katarzyna Kiliś-Pstrusińska, Professor of Medicine, M.D., Ph.D., psychologist, Wroclaw Medical University. Interested in health related quality of life in children with chronic kidney diseases, collaborating with several centers of pediatric nephrology and pediatrics.

In this article the results of research on situational determinants of envy and schadenfreude are presented. Based on a literature review conducted, five hypotheses were devised concerning various situational factors influencing the intensity of envy and schadenfreude. The questionnaire used in the research was devised on the basis of interactional psychology and measured envy and schadenfreude. Situational dimensions concerned in the research were type of relation (close vs. distant/strange person) and the level of justice vs. injustice of the situation. 248 people participated in the research. Devised hypotheses were confirmed. Empirical results point out that along with expectations, the strongest envy is experienced in situations with subjectively perceived elements of injustice and towards distant acquaintances and strangers. The strongest schadenfreude was experienced by participants finding the situation of a stranger justifiable. It also occurred that women react with stronger envy in situations of the unjust success of a stranger whereas men, regardless of the situation, experience stronger schadenfreude in situations of the failure of a close as well as an unknown person.

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