Introduction: The aim of this research was to provide a detailed description of the morphology, topography, and histometry of rabbit accessory genital glands. Material and Methods: Seven male New Zealand White rabbits, 3–4 months of age and weighing 2.1–3 kg were used for the study. The whole urethra from the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice accompanied by accessory genital glands was sliced at intervals of 1 mm. The serial sections were prepared with haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Movat–Russell modified pentachrome stain. Results: A detailed description of the morphology and morphometry was provided. The topography of the organs was explained on the basis of characteristic cross-sections on histological slides. The inconsistent nomenclature and descriptions of these glands by different authors were also discussed. Conclusion: The morphometric analysis indicated that some of the glands described have similar dimensions in different individuals, while others like paraprostates revealed high diversity in the number of lobes, their size, and their structure. The accessory glands are also good topographic markers which precisely define the segment of the urethra. The terms “proprostate”, “prostate”, and “paraprostates” as the nomenclature of the prostate complex reflect the location of these glands well and indicate their common origin and function.

Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, delivered in ovo influence the colonization and development of the peripheral immune system in poultry. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the host genotype (broiler chickens [Ross 308] and old native Polish breed Green-legged Partridgelike [ GP ] chickens) on the number of B and T cells in the spleen and cecal tonsils ( CT ). The solution of a bioactive compound was injected in ovo on day 12 of egg incubation: prebiotics (galactooligosaccharides [ GOS ]), probiotics ( Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris IBB477), and synbiotics (GOS + L. lactis ). The samples were collected on day 7, day 21, and day 42 after hatching (n = 8). The number of Bu-1 + (B) cells, CD4 + cells, and CD8 + cells in the spleen and CT was estimated using immunohistochemistry. The number of germinal centers ( GC ) was determined in the spleen. In broilers, probiotics increased ( P < 0.05) the number of CD4 + cells in the CT on day 7. On day 21, prebiotics raised ( P < 0.01) the number of cells involved in cellular immunity in the CT (CD4 + and CD8 + cells) and spleen (CD8 + cells). On day 42, it was synbiotics that stimulated the colonization of both the CT and spleen by B cells, but colonization of the spleen only by CD4 + and CD8 + cells. In GP chickens, synbiotics enforced the cellular immunity (CD4 + or CD8 + cells) in the spleen at all time points. Synbiotics also stimulated the GC appearance on day 21 and day 42. In GP chickens, the influence of bioactive compounds on colonization of the CT was very limited. In broilers, we determined pronounced and age-dependent effects of prebiotics and synbiotics on the number of B and T cells in both the CT and spleen. In GP chickens, the most potent compound was synbiotics, which stimulated cellular immunity in the spleen but not in the CT. However, given the long-term effects on adaptive immune cells, synbiotics were the most potent compounds in both chicken genotypes.

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IntroductionNight-eating syndrome (NES) involves uncontrolled and most often repeated binge eating during the night. It is related with mood disorders as well as sleep disorders and it may cause obesity. Risks related to NES are obesity, binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, affective disorders, and sleep disorders. The objective of this study is to analyze eating habits in terms of the risk assessment of NES occurrence in the population of women in the Masovian Voivodeship (in Poland).Patients and methodsSix hundred and eleven women living in the Masovian Voivodeship participated in the study. The average age of the respondents was 22.7 years (median = 23.0; interquartile range = 3.0). The Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) was used to assess the risk of NES.ResultsIn the studied group of women, 1.3% of cases (N = 12) reached a NEQ total score of ≥25, which indicates a probability of 40.7% for NES, while 0.7% (N = 4) reached a score of ≥30, which indicates a probability of 72.2% for occurrence of this syndrome. The highest average total score was observed in the group of obese people. The level of education of the participants did not significantly affect the NEQ score. A weak correlation was observed between the place of residence variable and the mood/sleep subscale (r = 0.11, P < 0.01).ConclusionNES may be one of the causes of overweight and obesity; therefore, the need for further studies on this health issue is justified. It is worth pointing out that knowing the conditions responsible for the occurrence of NES, it is possible to suggest a prevention procedure for this condition.

We study stability switches for some class of delay differential equations with one discrete delay. We describe and use a simple method of checking the change of stability which originally comes from the paper of Cook and Driessche (1986). We explain this method on the examples of three types of prey-predator models with delay and compare the dynamics of these models under increasing delay.