From the companies 52 From the employee and his wife 53 Analysis of Data 55 General precedures 55 Descriptions of health-and food-related variables and their relationships to employment variables Analysis of dietary records Factor analysis of variables FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Consistency of Dietary Records Food Purchasing Practices 71 Eating Practices 72 Number of meals and snacks eaten-four definitions 73 Total number of meals and snacks eaten Meals and snacks eaten together by the family iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Eating practices of men during work-hours 88 Where and with whom men and women ate food during the day 89 Times when meals were eaten 100 Caloric intake during seven time periods of the day 106 Dietary Adequacy 109 Adequacy of diets of men and women 109 Adequacy of diets tty shift when men worked 127 Dietary rating schemes 131 Self-Judgment of Health Status 137 Relationships Among Food-and Health-Related Variables 138 Methods of Analyzing Data for Describing Food Habits 155 Techniques for future research 155 Techniques for home economics teachers 157 Relationships Between Employment and Food-and Health-Related Variables l60 Factor Analysis of Employment and Home Environment Variables 164 SOMMm 172 LITERATURE CITED 185 ACKNOwLSD(%ZNTS 192 APPENDICES Appendix A; Interviewer Instructions and Equipment for Food Recalls Appendix B: Excerpts from Data Gathering Instruments Appendix C: Excerpts from Coding Plan iv LIST OF FIGURES Cumulative percentages of men and women consuming various amounts of food enez^ Cumulative percentages of men and icomen consuming various amounts of protein Cumulative percentages of men and women consuming various amounts of calcium Cumulative percentages of men and women consuming various amounts of iron Cumulative percentages of men and women consuming various amounts of vitamin A Cumulative percentages of men and women consuming various amounts of thiamine Cumulative percentages of men and women consuming various amounts of riboflavin Cumulative percentages of men and women consuming various amounts of niacin Cumulative percentages of men and women consuming various amounts of ascorbic acid Correlation matrix for food, energy and nutrient intake variables for husband and wife Correlation of variables of various codings of meals and snacks for the husband Correlation of variables of various codings of meals and snacks for the wife Correlation of variables of various codings of meals and snacks with nutrient intake variables for the husband Correlation of variables of various codings of meals and snacks with nutrient intake variables for the wife Human Intervening ^ (Mediating) ^ Social Systems Resources ^ Variables and Institutions Young Indus-Home Manufacturing 1 ^ j trial Workers Environment Industry (52, p. D-2) The human resources on which the research focuses are those associated with young industrial workers. The social institution is limited to the manufacturing industry. Intervening variables are those that comprise the home environment of the workers, (52, p...

This study determined the relationships between living alone and a variety of sociodemographic variables and dietary intake and nutritional status of 70- to 75-year-old men and women across Europe. Data from nine centers, collected as part of the SENECA study, were selected for analysis. Respondents were categorized as either living alone, living with a spouse/partner only, or living with a spouse/partner and/or other person(s). Analyses included chi-square statistics, t-tests, and analysis of variance, measures of relationships and differences between residential-status groups. The sample included 512 subjects who lived alone, 1017 who lived with a spouse/partner only, and 380 who lived with a spouse/partner and/or other person(s). Variables which differed significantly by living arrangement included higher vitamin A, calcium, riboflavin and water intake by both males and females living alone as compared to either those living with a spouse, those living with others, or both groups. Females who lived alone had lower energy intake than those who lived with other than a spouse/partner, and women who lived alone or as couples versus those who lived with others had lower protein and carbohydrate intakes. Males who lived alone had significantly lower intakes of vitamin C than those who lived with person(s) other than a spouse, but still they were considerably above recommended levels. Respondents who lived with a spouse/partner only were less likely to have an unfavorable BMI status than people in the other two groups. Thus, nutrient intakes of 70- to 75-year-olds across Europe are generally not adversely impacted by living alone, and relative to some nutrients, namely vitamin A, calcium, and riboflavin, their diets are better than those living in one or both of the other residential categories.

Households surveyed in the 1977–78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey were classified as either single‐person or multi‐person households, and the use of convenience and nonconvenience foods by each household size was studied. Trends in food use, based on share of the home food dollar spent on different types of foods, were similar for single‐person and for larger households. Both groups allocated the largest share of the home food dollar, slightly over half, to nonconvenience foods. Major demographic factors affecting convenience and nonconvenience food use were similar for the different household sizes. Nonconvenience foods contributed more nutrients than convenience foods for both single‐person and larger households, and levels of most nutrients were positively associated with the share of the home food dollar allocated to non convenience foods. In many cases nutrient levels were negatively associated with the share of the home food dollar spent on convenience foods.

Using foods that have been grown, caught or raised at home (home‐grown) was a practice of approximately half of the participants in the Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a Concerted Action (SENECA). This was a study of elderly persons living in traditional towns throughout Europe. The focus of this further analysis of the SENECA baseline data was to determine whether significant differences exist between those who used home‐grown foods and those who did not. The study also sought to determine the impact of a series of sociodemographic measures on the use of home‐grown foods, self‐assessed quality of life and activity level, and levels of nutriture. The study found that using home‐grown food, even if only occasionally, had positive nutritional benefits. Intakes of energy, total fat, cholesterol, vitamin A, iron, water,and an overall diet adequacy measure were all higher for men or for both men and women who used home‐grown food than for those who did not. Men who used home‐grown foods had higher serum vitamin D levels, and women who used home‐grown foods had higher serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol levels than people who did not use those foods. LISREL analysis, a form of simultaneous factor analysis, using the SPSS statistical analysis program was used to determine the extent of relationships between 12 independent sociodemographic variables and five dependent variables. Higher iron intake and haemoglobin levels were related to the use of home‐grown foods. Using foods that are grown or raised at home positively affects nutrient intake of elderly people across Europe.

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