* Document jointly prepared by Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR), Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia (SBM) and Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FEBRASGO). 1. Coordinator of the National Commission on Mammography, Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR). 2. Members of the National Commission on Mammography, Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR). 3. Invited Member of the National Commission on Mammography, Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR). 4. Members of the National Commission on Mammography, Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia (SBM). 5. Members of the National Commission on Mammography, Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (FEBRASGO).

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Photo-luminescent carbon dots (CD) have become promising nanomaterials and their synthesis from natural products has attracted attention by the possibility of making the most of affordable, sustainable and, readily-available carbon sources. Here, we report on the synthesis, characterization and bioimaging potential of CDs produced from diverse extensively produced fruits: kiwi, avocado and pear. The in vitro cytotoxicity and anticancer potential of those CDs were assessed by comparing human epithelial cells from normal adult kidney and colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. In vivo toxicity was evaluated using zebrafish embryos given their peculiar embryogenesis, with transparent embryos developing ex-utero, allowing a real-time analysis. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that the synthesized CD presented toxicity only at concentrations of ≥1.5 mg mL−1. Kiwi CD exhibited the highest toxicity to both cells lines and zebrafish embryos, presenting lower LD50 values. Interestingly, despite inducing lower cytotoxicity in normal cells than the other CDs, black pepper CDs resulted in higher toxicity in vivo. The bio-distribution of CD in zebrafish embryos upon uptake was investigated using fluorescence microscopy. We observed a higher accumulation of CD in the eye and yolk sac, avocado CD being the ones more retained, indicating their potential usefulness in bio-imaging applications. This study shows the action of fruit-based CDs from kiwi, avocado and pear. However the compounds present in these fruit-based CDs and their mechanism of action as a bioimaging agent need to be further explored.

A comparison of four of the most commonly used dosimetry protocols for the determination of absorbed dose to water in therapeutic kilovoltage x-rays using an ionization chamber (IAEA TRS-277, IPEMB, DIN and NCS) has been carried out. Owing to the different energy ranges and HVLs recommended by each protocol, backscatter factors, water-to-air mass energy absorption coefficient ratios and perturbation correction factors have been recast to a common quality range that all protocols satisfy individually to make a comparison possible. The results of the comparison show that in the sometimes reduced quality range originally included by the different protocols, determinations of absorbed dose to water at all beam qualities agree to within +/-1.0% with that obtained using the second edition of the IAEA TRS-277 code of practice (1997). The extrapolation of data to a common beam quality range practically preserves the agreement for all the protocols except for that issued by the NCS at the extremes of the range, where differences of up to 1.8% and 1.4% have been found for low and medium energies respectively. In all cases the DIN protocol yields very good agreement with TRS-277.

ObjectiveTo present the current recommendations for breast cancer screening in Brazil, as devised by the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, the Brazilian Breast Disease Society, and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecological and Obstetrical Associations.Materials and methodsWe analyzed scientific studies available in the Medline and Lilacs databases. In the absence of evidence, the recommendations reflected the consensus of a panel of experts.RecommendationsAnnual mammography screening is recommended for women 40-74 years of age. Among women ≥ 75 years of age, annual mammography screening should be reserved for those with an expected survival > 7 years. Complementary ultrasound should be considered for women with dense breasts. Complementary magnetic resonance imaging is recommended for women at high risk. When available, an advanced form of mammography known as tomosynthesis can be considered as a means of screening for breast cancer.