Este artigo se propõe a utilizar a classificação de Köppen para definir os tipos de climas anuais (TCA) para um conjunto de 208 estações representativas da diversidade climática do Brasil. Os dados médios mensais de temperatura e precipitação para o período 1961-2015 permitiram estabelecer a frequência dos TCA para cada estação. Os tratamentos estatísticos e cartográficos destas informações auxiliaram a esclarecer os limites climáticos do Brasil. Foram aplicados os conceitos de "núcleo forte", definidos como áreas onde os TCA são sempre ou quase sempre os mesmos, e "áreas de transição", locais onde há uma grande diversidade de TCA. Esta abordagem permite considerar um estudo detalhado das transições entre os tipos de climas tropicais (principalmente Aw, Am e Af), e ao sul, os subtropicais e temperados (Cwa e Cfa, principalmente) e discutir os limites climáticos.

This article proposes to use the Köppen classification to evidence climate change in Brazil. To do so, the average monthly temperature and precipitation data were computed for a set of 208 stations, representative of the climatic diversity of Brazil for the period from 1964 to 2015. The originality of our approach is not only to look at the shift between the averages of two references periods but also to observe how each year can be classified using Köppen's classification; thus, we defined “annual climate types” (ACT) and established the frequency of ACTs for each station and each period of 26 years: 1964–1989 and 1990–2015. The statistical and cartographic treatment of this information makes it possible to define the limits of the climates of Brazil and look at its evolution showing the diversity of regional situations in Brazil. The results show that 35 stations (17%) changed from the average Köppen's type, with significant regression of wet tropical types (Af and Am) and temperate types (C). On the other hand, the tropical (Aw), arid and semi‐arid (B) types progress between the two periods showing significant modifications of the climatic limits in Brazil: extension of aridity in the northeast of Brazil and increasing extinction of tropical types upon temperate climates in the south of the country and upon rainy types in the south of the Amazon. These results are consistent with other studies and illustrate the potential for climate change and variability monitoring using a simple classification method.

International audienceThis article proposes to use the Köppen classification to define « Annual Climate Types » (ACT) for a set of 208 stations, representative of the climatic diversity of Brazil. The average monthly temperature and precipitation data for the period 1961-2015 allow to established the frequency of ACTs for each station. The statistical and cartographic treatment of this information makes it possible to define the limits of the climates of Brazil: here we apply the concepts of « strong nuclei », defined as the regions where the ACT are systematically or mostly the same, and « transition areas », i.e. regions where there is a great diversity of ACT. This approach allows us to propose a detailed study of the transitions between the tropical climates types (mainly Aw, Am and Af) and those of the south, subtropical and temperate (Cwa and Cfa in particular) and discuss these climatic limits

This chapter describes the climactic patterns that prevailed in the Brazilian territory, particularly in the Quaternary, some observations made by travelers and naturalists, particularly during the colonial historic period, the first systematic studies of climactic geomorphology in Brazil, and, finally, the types of current, regional climates. It is noteworthy that the studies based on geological and climatic events have developed various methods to observe and understand the distinct and beautiful Brazilian landscapes. However, for decades, studies have not used climatic and geomorphological data to effectively contribute to the understanding of the origin and evolution of Brazilian landscapes. This situation may certainly be associated with Brazil's territorial extension, the great geomorphological complexity and absence of data and information climatic and geomorphological data. KeywordsPast climates Á Brazilian climactic domains Á Brazilian Quaternary The Quaternary in BrazilKnowledge of the Quaternary in Brazil has evolved significantly, particularly since the 1970s, with the significant advancement of paleovegetational studies and palynological analyses to understand the climactic fluctuations that occurred during the last glaciation. Reflecting this growth, the First Symposium on the Quaternary in Brazil (Primeiro Simpósio do Quaternário no Brasil) was conducted in 1971, and the Technical-Scientific Committee of the Brazilian Society of Quaternary Geology was also created. In 1984, the Brazilian Association for Quaternary Studies (Associação Brasileira de Estudos do Quaternário-ABEQUA) was founded, which later united with the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA). Despite the remaining gaps in the knowledge of paleoenvironments in Brazil, it is known that during the last glacial cycle, an intensification of cold fronts and advancement of polar air shaped a large portion of the landscapes in the current Brazilian territory. According to , the current climatobotanical frameworks continue to adjust to these changes.Throughout the Quaternary glaciations, the Brazilian climates, even those with tropical characteristics, were colder than at present. Between 115,000 and 70,000 BP during the beginning of the last Quaternary glaciation (Würm), the Brazilian territory experienced a period of maximum cold and aridity that had strong repercussions on the vegetation.Climatic fluctuations were frequent between 70,000 and 22,000 BP with alternating drier and wetter periods. The final cool and arid period began approximately 22,000 years ago and lasted until approximately 14,000 BP, when the

RESUMO:O presente artigo reúne uma avaliação comparativa de 6 diferentes metodologias (índices, diagrama e questionário de predileção) para identificação de situações de conforto térmico aplicado a cidade Presidente Prudente/Brasil. A partir da análise dos índices de temperatura e umidade (THI), índice de temperatura efetiva com vento (TEv), índice de temperatura efetiva (TE), índice de temperatura equivalente percebida (TEP), diagrama de conforto térmico, e da análise de predileção térmica dos residentes em Presidente Prudente foi contabilizado o número de dias com situações confortáveis e desconfortáveis nos períodos das 9h, 15h e 21h, entre os anos de 2005 a 2016, além de discutir as vantagens e desvantagens de utilização para cada técnica. De modo geral os índices tiveram um desenvolvimento parecido na avaliação de situações confortáveis no período da tarde e noite, contudo demonstraram pouco consenso especialmente no período da manhã, horário em que as temperaturas são mais amenas em Presidente Prudente a umidade está relativamente alta. O questionário de predileção térmica e o diagrama de conforto térmico apresentaram os maiores valores percentuais de conforto térmico e chegaram a atingir limiares superiores a 70% nos três horários analisados (questionário de predileção). Também constatou alguns problemas metodológicos na identificação de extremos de desconforto: o índice de temperatura efetiva com vento apresentou uma tendência a maximizar o resfriamento pelo vento gerando resultados "frios" e o diagrama de conforto, de acordo com a disposição das variáveis, tende a mascarar as condições térmicas e superestima o resultado para a classificação de "Muito úmido". Palavras-chaves: conforto térmico, índices de conforto, diagrama bioclimático, questionário, Presidente Prudente. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION BETWEEN METHODOLOGIES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT SITUATIONS APPLIED TO TROPICAL CONTEXT, PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE/BRAZIL.ABSTRACT: This paper compiles a comparative evaluation between 6 different methodologies (indexes, diagram and questionnaire of preference) to identify situations of thermal comfort applied to Presidente Prudente -Brazil. After to analyse the Temperature and humidity indexes (THI), Effective temperature index with wind (TEv), Effective temperature index (TE), Perceived equivalent temperature index (TEP), Thermal comfort diagram, and analysis of the Thermal preferences questionnaire of the residents of Presidente Prudente were accounted the number of days with comfortable and uncomfortable situations in the periods of 9h, 15h and 21h, between 2005 at 2016, also was discuss the advantages and disadvantages for the use of each technique. In general, the indices had a similar development in the evaluation of comfortable situations in the afternoon and evening, although they showed little consensus especially in the morning, when temperatures are milder and the humidity is relatively high in Presidente Prudente. The Thermal preference questionnaire and the Thermal comfort diagram showed th...