Maternal periodontitis is associated with an increased risk for PTB, LBW, and IUGR. Results emphasize the importance of periodontal care in prenatal health programs.

A leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose de grande relevância na saúde coletiva devido à sua heterogeneidade epidemiológica, alta letalidade em pacientes não tratados e soroprevalência 1 . O controle da doença tem sido realizado pela adoção de três medidas básicas: o tratamento dos casos humanos, a eutanásia de cães soropositivos e a redução da população de vetores, através da aplicação de inseticida nos domicílios situados em área endêmica 2,3 .Mas, apesar dos esforços, a leishmaniose visceral tem aumentado significativamente sua importância no contexto epidemiológico em decorrência do processo de urbanização e das alterações no ambiente natural 4 . A forte relação apresentada pela ocorrência da leishmaniose visceral e os perfis cultural, nutricional e sócio-econômico da população atingida, remetem a questão do controle para além das barreiras pertencentes ao contexto ambiental em que a doença está inserida 5 .Em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, a leishmaniose visceral tem-se expandido mesmo com uso de grande recurso financeiro e humano no seu controle. Durante seu recente histórico na cidade (iniciado em 1992) a doença alcançou altos coeficientes de morbidade e letalidade nas populações atingidas 4,6,7,8 .Segundo Dias 9 , o êxito das estratégias contra as doenças endêmicas depende basicamen-

The primary purpose of this research was to determine associations among seropositivity for bovine leukemia virus (BLV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and Neospora caninum (NC) and each of 3 outcome variables (305-d milk, fat, and protein production) in Canadian dairy cattle. Serum samples from up to 30 randomly selected cows from 342 herds on monthly milk testing were tested for antibodies against BLV (IDEXX ELISA; IDEXX Corporation, Westbrook, ME), MAP (IDEXX or Biocor ELISA; Biocor Animal Health, Inc., Omaha, NE), and NC (IDEXX or Biovet ELISA; Biovet Inc., St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada). Up to 5 unvaccinated cattle over 6 mo of age were tested for virus-neutralizing antibodies to the Singer strain of type 1 BVDV. Dairy Herd Improvement records were obtained electronically for all sampled cows. Linear mixed models with herd and cow as random variables were fit, with significant restricted maximum likelihood estimates of outcome effects being obtained, while controlling for potential confounding variables. Bovine leukemia virus seropositivity was not associated with 305-d milk, 305-d fat, or 305-d protein production. Cows in BVDV-seropositive herds (at least one unvaccinated animal with a titer > or =1:64) had reductions in 305-d milk, fat, and protein of 368, 10.2, and 9.5 kg, respectively, compared with cows in BVDV-seronegative herds. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis seropositivity was associated with lower 305-d milk of 212 kg in 4+-lactation cows compared with MAP-seronegative 4+-lactation cows. Neospora caninum seropositivity in primiparous cows was associated with lower 305-d milk, fat, and protein of 158, 5.5, and 3.3 kg, respectively, compared with NC-seronegative primiparous cows. There were no interactions among seropositivity for any of the pathogens and their effects on any of the outcomes examined, although the low MAP seroprevalence limited this analysis. Results from this research will contribute to understanding the economic impacts of these pathogens and justify their control.

Brucella is one of the major zoonotic pathogens worldwide, and it is responsible for enormous economic losses as well as considerable human morbidity in endemic areas. The organism infects animals such as swine, cattle, goat, sheep, and dogs. Humans can become infected indirectly through contact with infected animals or by animal products consumption. Brucellosis occurs worldwide, but it is well controlled in most developed countries. The disease is rare in industrialized nations because of routine screening of domestic livestock and animal vaccination programmes. Clinical disease is still common in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, South and Central America, the Mediterranean Basin, and the Caribbean. This review article aims to describe the prevalence of brucellosis in some countries where data are available around different regions of world, and risk factors associated infections according regression models.

Maternal periodontitis is a risk factor associated with preeclampsia, emphasizing the importance of periodontal care in prenatal programs.