Introduction: Smartphone Addiction (SA) has caused negative consequences and functional impairments in college students, such as reduction of academic performance and impairment in sleep quality. Studies have shown that individuals with chemical and behavioral dependencies have a bias in decision-making process, which leads to short-term advantageous choices even if they cause long-term harm. This bias in decision-making process is accompanied by a change in somatic markers and is associated with the development and maintenance of addictive behavior. The decision-making process and the measurement of physiological parameters have not yet been analyzed in SA. The neuropsychological and physiological characterization of the SA can contribute to its approach with the other dependency syndromes and to its recognition as a disease. Objective: we aimed to evaluate the decision-making process under risk and under ambiguity in individuals with SA and to measure the physiological parameters that accompany this process. Method: We compared the performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), Game of Dice Task (GDT) and skin conductance response (SCR) between 50 individuals with SA and 50 controls. Results: Smartphone dependents presented a profile of impairment in decision-making under ambiguity, without impairment in decision-making under risk. They demonstrated lower SCR before disadvantageous choices, higher SCR after rewards and lower SCR after punishments during decision-making, which suggests difficulty in recognizing disadvantageous alternatives, high sensitivity to rewards, and low sensitivity to punishments. Conclusion: The impairment in the decision-making process in smartphone dependents is similar to that found in other chemical and behavioral addictions, such as alcohol addiction, gambling disorders and pathological buy. The impairment in decision under ambiguity with preservation of decision under risk may reflect dysfunction of implicit emotional processes without dysfunction of explicit cognitive process. This profile can contribute to the recognition of SA as a behavioral dependence and to guide specific preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Conhecer melhor o que se chama de dependência de smartphone (DS) é importante para a prática clínica. Nos últimos 10 anos, um corpo de evidências clínicas e epidemiológicas foi produzido em vários países. Esses estudos apontam fatores sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, transtornos psiquiátricos e traços de personalidade associados à DS. Contudo, não há estudos de revisão que sintetizem os resultados. Objetivamos revisar a literatura sobre os fatores associados à DS. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO. Restringimos a busca aos artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos. Excluímos revisões de literatura, estudos pré-clínicos e opiniões de especialistas. Na fase final, selecionamos 42 artigos. Os fatores sociodemográficos associados à DS foram sexo feminino, idade entre 18 e 25 anos e alta renda familiar. Os hábitos de vida foram cronótipo noturno, baixa atividade física e sedentarismo. Os conteúdos mais associados à DS foram as redes sociais. As síndromes de dependência mais associadas à DS foram as relacionadas ao álcool e tecnológicas. Os transtornos e/ou sintomas psiquiátricos associados foram os transtornos depressivos e ansiosos, o estresse e a insônia. Por fim, os traços de personalidade associados foram alta impulsividade, alta agressividade, baixa autoestima, personalidade do tipo A e personalidade multitarefa. Existe um corpo de evidências que mostra semelhanças entre os achados epidemiológicos encontrados para a DS e para outras formas de dependência. Mais estudos são necessários para aprofundar o nosso conhecimento sobre esse tema.
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