United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change highlights the significance of carbon storage and emission in forests towards climate change mitigation. The aim of this study was to quantify the tree biomass and carbon density (carbon storage) in the tropical dry forest of the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala located in the Southern Western Ghats, India. We investigated the species-wise contribution of carbon (C) storage, as well as the species-wise and plot-wise correlation between carbon and other dendrometric variables. We also analysed the girth (diameter) wise distribution of carbon and tree density in the study region. The study was conducted in eight selected sample plots of the region, each with an area of 0.1 hectare. Species-specific volume and specific gravity relationship coupled with suitable regression equation were used to estimate biomass. Tree carbon was assumed to be 47% of the biomass. The results showed that the average biomass and carbon density of the vegetation were 64.13 t ha-1 and 30.46 t-C ha-1 , respectively. Among the 32 species identified, Tamarindus indica L. (17%), Hardwickia binata Roxb. (14%), Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn (10%) and Pleiospermium alatum (Wight & Arn.) Swingle (10%) were dominant as for carbon storage. The correlation analysis showed that basal area is a good predictor of tree biomass and carbon, while the role of tree density and tree diversity remain uncertain in determining carbon storage. With respect to diametric class distribution, tree density showed a reverse J-shaped pattern indicating the sustainable regeneration of the analysed forest, where the small-(diameter at breast height 3-9 cm) to medium-sized trees (diameter at breast height 10-69 cm) were found to contribute to more than 50% of biomass and carbon in the forest. The study provides useful information for carbon mitigation strategies in a tropical dry forest in the Southern Western Ghats.

An analysis of the floating islands of Kuttanad-Vembanad Wetland Ecosystem (KVWE) was conducted as part of a major study on aquatic macrophyte vegetation of Kuttanad from November 2004 to November 2006. The study revealed that there are three types of floating islands in KVWE which vary considerably in their origin, development, species composition, community and physical structure and sustenance even though there are common vegetation elements. Among the three types the type-1 which formed in deep excavated portions of abandoned rice fields is found as the biotic climax in the ecological succession. Continuous abandoning of rice fields, stagnation, nutrient enrichment, proliferation of exotic invasive plants and less salinity and tidal flow are the major ecological factors which are found promoting this recent formation of floating islands here indicating the level of deterioration of the ecosystem. KVWE is one of the fast changing wetland sites of the world located in the State of Kerala, India with well developed and ancient culture, economy, art and rich biodiversity. Rice cultivation need to be promoted at all costs in order to save this wetland.

In early September after shoot elongation and needle expansion had terminated, pine plants (Pinus strobus L.) in their third year of growth were permitted to photoassimilate 14CO2. At intervals of time ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] months, the distribution of 14C within the plants was determined. Within the first 48 h about 40% of the photoassimilated 14C was lost from the plant through respiration and of the retained 14C, over 50% was found in the root, a value equivalent to about a third of the total 14C activity initially assimilated. Despite continued losses of 14C from the pines, about 30% of the initially assimilated 14C was still present [Formula: see text] months later. Evidence for remobilization of 14C into the following year's shoot growth is also provided.

The climatic variability and the influence of temperature and sea level fluctuations on the earth's surface configuration during the Holocene are being discussed all over the world. The present study evaluates the palaeo-environmental conditions of western coast of India during this epoch through the analysis of pollen grains embedded in a carbonaceous clay formation (∼ = 0.4-0.6 m) found sandwiched within the palaeodeposit of sand of Meenachil River basin. The carbon dating revealed that the clay formation has an age of 5786 ± 94 14 C yr BP, while the embedded wood samples have the age varying in between 2888 ± 78 and 5780 ± 95 14 C yr BP. The overall analysis suggests that the southwestern margin of India had experienced high intensity rainfall during the earlier part of the Atlantic chronozone due to then strengthened Asiatic monsoon, while water stagnation and hydrological modifications were observed during the later part. The dominance of weeds and lesser number of tree elements suggested a drier climate during the end of the Atlantic period. Besides, the morphometric rearrangement of the Meenachil River contemporaneous to the geomorphological modifications of the southwestern coast of India shall be classified into three categories: (1) Pre-Vembanad Lake formation, (2) Contemporaneous to lake formation and (3) Post-Lake formation.

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