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The role of sediment melting in Earth's mantle remains controversial, as direct observation of melt generation in the mantle is not possible. Geochemical fingerprints provide indirect evidence for subduction-delivery of sediment to the mantle, however sediment abundance in mantle-derived melt is generally low (0-2%), and difficult to detect. Here we 1 provide evidence for bulk melting of subducted sediment in the mantle through isotopic analysis of granite sampled from an exhumed mantle section. Peraluminous granite dikes that intrude peridotite in the Oman-United Arab Emirates ophiolite have U-Pb ages of 99.8±3.3 Ma that predate obduction at ca. 85 to 90 Ma. The dikes have unusually high oxygen isotope (δ 18 O) values for whole rock (14-23‰) and quartz (20-22‰), and yield the highest δ 18 O zircon values known (14-28‰; values relative to Vienna standard mean ocean water). The extremely high oxygen isotope ratios uniquely identify the melt source as high δ 18 O marine sediment (pelitic and/or siliciceous mud), as no other source could produce granite with such anomalously high δ 18 O. Formation of high δ 18 O sediment-derived (S-type) granite within peridotite requires delivery of sediment to the mantle by subduction, where it melted and intruded the overlying mantle wedge. The granite suite described here contains the most evolved oxygen isotope ratios reported for igneous rocks, yet intruded mantle peridotite below the Mohorovičić seismic discontinuity, the most primitive oxygen isotope reservoir in the silicate Earth. Identifying the presence and quantifying the extent of sediment melting within the mantle has important implications for understanding subduction recycling of crust and mantle heterogeneity over time.

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The O-and H-Lsotope compcxsition of rainfall collected over a variety of time periods at the University of Cape Town (UCT) lietween 1996 and 2008 has been determined. A continuous record of monthly rainfall from 1996 to 2008 has a range in 8D and ô'"O values from -57 to +iH"/m and -8.1 to -H3.5%O, respectively. These data show limited but discernable temperature and amount effects. Daily rainfall between