DNA sequence data from a variety of mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions are significant components of phylogenetic research in entomology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification primers for many gene regions have been developed that are specific to a range of dipteran groups. Here, we review the existing Diptera-specific PCR amplification primers that have been published for 11 mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions: 12S small ribosomal subunit, cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase c subunit I, 28S ribosomal RNA, alanyl-tRNA synthetase, the carbamoyl phosphate synthase region of CAD, elongation factor-1α, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, white, and wingless. We also have designed in total 94 new PCR amplification primers for use in these same gene regions. Our new primers have been developed and tested using our DNA sequence database of > 1,600 specimens representing 40 families of Diptera. All of the past and newly developed primer sequences are presented in tables, and their locations are shown on gene maps. This combined data will facilitate future molecular phylogenetic research within Diptera.

Abstract. Illustrated dichotomous keys to the 73 bee fly species of 25 genera occurring in or adjacent to eastern Canada are presented. Thirty-two of these species represent new or previously unrecognized records for Ontario. We review the distributions of these species in Ontario, focusing on rarely collected and habitatrestricted species, and summarize host use when known.

Climate change is reshaping agriculture and insect biodiversity worldwide. With rising temperatures, insect species with narrow thermal margins are expected to be pushed beyond their thermal limits, and losses related to herbivory and diseases transmitted by them will be experienced in new regions. Several previous studies have investigated this phenomenon in tropical and temperate regions, locally and globally; however, here, it is proposed that climate change impact on agriculture can be traced through the study of Nearctic migratory insects, specifically leafhoppers. To test this hypothesis, leafhoppers in strawberry fields located in the province of Québec, eastern Canada, were evaluated. The strawberry-leafhopper pathosystem offers a unique opportunity because leafhoppers can transmit, among other diseases, strawberry green petal disease (SbGP), which is associated with pathogenic phytoplasmas. Here, we found that in the last ten years, the number of leafhoppers has been increasing in correspondence with the number of SbGP cases detected in eastern Canada, reporting for the first time ten species new to eastern Canada and two to the country, although the leafhopper diversity has been seriously affected. Our model using more than 34 000 leafhoppers showed that their abundance is influenced by temperature, a factor that we found also influences the microbiome associated withMacrosteles quadrilineatus, which was one of the most abundant leafhoppers we observed. One of our most striking findings is that none of the insecticides used by strawberry growers can control leafhopper incidence, which could be linked to microbiome changes induced by changing temperatures. We suggest that Nearctic leafhoppers can be used as sentinels to trace the multilayered effects of climate change in agriculture.

The South American brachypterous genera Frutillaria Richards and Penola Richards (Sphaeroceridae: Archiborborinae rev. stat.) are revised. Seventeen species of Frutillaria are described or redescribed, including the following nine new species from Chile: Frutillaria abdita, F. anticura, F. calida, F. chiloensis, F. contulmo, F. furcata, F. glabra, F. richardsi, and F. transversa. Two additional species currently known only from females are also diagnosed, but not named. Penola eudyptidis Richards from the Falkland Islands, the only species included in Penola, is recognized as the sister-group to Frutillaria and redescribed from both sexes. Keys are provided for all known males and females.

Phylogenomic analyses of datasets comprising 665 anchored loci and 234 species representing all recognized tribes and regional faunas of the leafhopper subfamily Typhlocybinae yielded well-resolved phylogenies for this group, largely robust to differences in analytical approach. The results support the 5 currently recognized tribes as monophyletic: Alebrini, Empoascini, Typhlocybini, Dikraneurini, and Erythroneurini, but the previously recognized tribes Zyginellini and Eupterygini are polyphyletic. A new tribe Beameranini is described based on the morphologically aberrant Neotropical genus Beamerana Young. Morphological characters traditionally used to recognize tribes are mostly stable but nearly all exhibit some homoplasy, with similar reductions and consolidations of some hind wing veins having occurred in independent lineages. Divergence time estimates indicate that the currently recognized tribes all arose during the mid- to late Cretaceous with some early splits between New and Old World lineages occur during the late Cretaceous, but most modern genera arising during the Paleogene and multiple transcontinental dispersal events also occur in the Paleogene.