A literature review reveals that supervisors' positive aVective regard ('liking') for subordinates is associated frequently with higher performance appraisal (PA) ratings, and with other ndings such as greater halo, reduced accuracy, a better interpersonal relationship, and a disinclination to punish poor performance. However, the interpretability of the empirical literature is weakened by a number of conceptual and methodological problems. Moreover, most investigators have simply assumed that the eVects of liking constitute sources of bias in PAs, and the causal nature of the observed relationships needed to be clari ed. Based on the review, nine causal hypotheses constituting a model of 10 latent constructs with 17 paths are presented. Each direct eVect is characterized as representing either a relevant (valid) in uence, a source of bias, or as biased/valid contingent on the particular indicator or circumstances. Suggestions are made for integrating the model with a developmental approach, and implications are drawn for employment test validation and the investigation of test bias.

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SummaryThe values of organizational psychology are criticized as (a) having supplanted psychology's humanist tradition and societal responsibilities with corporate economic objectives; (b) being ''scientistic'' in perpetuating the notion of value-free science while ignoring that it is business values that largely drive our research and practice; (c) failing to include normative perspectives of what organizations ought to be like in moral terms; (d) having a pro-management bias; and (e) having allowed ourselves to be defined largely by technocratic competence, almost to the exclusion of considering desirable societal goods. Illustrations of some adverse consequences of these values are presented. It is suggested we expand our self-image to encompass a scientist-practitioner-humanist (S-P-H) model that includes consideration of different values, advocacy of employee rights and a normative characterization of how organizations ought to be-reflecting the broader societal responsibilities of a true profession.

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