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Pollen assemblages of lower Miocene age from sediments in the southwestern Cape contain ancient Gondwana microfloras of considerable phytogeographic interest. The parent taxa, which are not represented in Africa today, indicate the existence of subtropical rain forest in these regions during the Tertiary. This microfossil record supports the hypothesis that a common South American-Antarctic-African-Madagascar flora existed in the Gondwana fragments during the Cretaceous. The final extermination of these elements in the southwestern Cape at the close of the Tertiary was probably related to the wide ranging effects of the glaciation of Antarctica. Sclerophyllous macchia has since become dominant and adapted to the present Mediterranean climate.

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Fossil pollen sequences from the Cape Peninsula and the Saldanha region indicate that sub tropical vegetation and climates existed in these regions during the Miocene. The pollen record from the Cape Peninsula may point to the extinction of some taxa by the terminal Miocene/Early Pliocene with the subsequent strong development of macchia. This major change can probably be related to the maximum build-up of the Antarctic ice-cap in the latest Miocene and the accompanying profound palaeoceanographic changes such as the major cooling of the Benguela current with its effect on the aridification of the Namib desert, and the global glacio-eustatic sea level drop.Parallel palynological and lithological studies in the Saldanha region show that prominent Miocene vegetation shifts were linked to profound local changes in the palaeoenvironment associated with the northward migration of the Miocene Berg River. Such studies are of paramount importance for the possible assessment of the causes of changes in the palaeoenvironment and should first be carried out at many more sites over a wide region. It is to some extent premature to draw firm conclusions as to the origin and migration of some taxa in southern Africa. The record of very primitive angiosperms such as the ClavatipolleniteslAscarina complex and Winteraceae is of considerable phytogeographic interest.

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