Background:The hERG-encoded potassium channel I Kr is important for cardiac repolarization. Results: Internalized hERG channels are recycled back to the plasma membrane through a Rab11-associated pathway. Conclusion: Recycling plays an important role in the homeostasis of hERG channels. Significance: Identification of hERG recycling is useful for understanding hERG dysfunction and for developing new strategies to rescue hERG function.

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All simple electrophysiology ablation cases from Toronto General Hospital over the last twelve months were reviewed. The types of procedures, procedure times, and fluoroscopy times were explored. A comparison of procedure types and procedural times in conventional and zerofluoroscopy cases was made. RESULTS: There were a total of 47 non-fluoroscopic cases of simple ablation, and 192 cases of conventional ablation performed in the last 12 months. The mean procedure time in non-fluoroscopic cases was 114.85 minutes (95% CI 101.83-127.86). The mean procedure time for conventional ablation cases was significantly shorter at 92.71 minutes (95% CI 87.16-98.27) (P¼0.0008). In conventional cases, the mean fluoroscopic exposure time was 21.37 minutes (range 1.5-50.7 min). There did not appear to be a reduction in procedure time over the period reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of an electroanatomical mapping system, electrophysiology studies and ablation can be accomplished without the use of fluoroscopy. The procedure times tend to be longer for no-fluoroscopic cases. Potential explanations for this include the complexity of setting up the mapping system in no-fluoroscopic cases compared to conventional cases, and the additional time required for teaching of multiple fellows with different levels of experience in a large interventional training program. Procedure times remained stable over the year analyzed.