Neuron-specific morphology and function are fundamentally tied to differences in gene expression across the nervous system. We previously generated a single cell RNA-seq dataset for every anatomical neuron class in the C. elegans hermaphrodite. Here we present a complementary set of bulk RNA-seq samples for 41 of the 118 neuron classes in C. elegans. We show that the bulk dataset captures both lowly expressed and noncoding RNAs that are missed in the single cell dataset, but also includes false positives due to contamination by other cell types. We present an integrated analytical strategy that effectively resolves both the low sensitivity of single cell RNA-seq data and the reduced specificity of bulk RNA-Seq. We show that this integrated dataset enhances the sensitivity and accuracy of transcript detection and quantification of differentially expressed genes. We propose that our approach provides a new tool for interrogating gene expression, by bridging the gap between old (bulk) and new (single cell) methodologies for transcriptomic studies. We suggest that these datasets will advance the goal of delineating the mechanisms that define neuronal morphology and connectivity in C. elegans.

Traumatic dog bites of the face and head are common among the pediatric population, although injuries resulting in total or subtotal scalp avulsions are rare and life-threatening. Standard treatment in these cases includes attempts at replantation or free tissue transfer; however, these procedures may not always be possible. An alternative treatment option involves the use of dermal substitutes, such as Integra (Integra LifeScience Corporation), with subsequent skin grafting. More recently, an alternative skin substitute called NovoSorb Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix (BTM) (PolyNovo North America LLC) has displayed favorable reconstructive outcomes in recent burn literature. NovoSorb BTM is a novel, fully synthetic bilayer scaffold made of biodegradable polyurethane matrix covered with a sealing membrane. In this report, the authors describe a 3-year-old boy who presented emergently with a severe dog bite avulsion to the subpericranial level of approximately 80% of his scalp, which was not replantable. The surgical plan involved a staged reconstruction using Integra and later skin grafting. Purulent infection ensued and required removal of Integra less than 2 weeks from application. Upon clearing of the infection, the wound was successfully closed with BTM and subsequent skin grafting. With proper wound management and over 6 months of follow-up, the patient experienced excellent healing of the graft with stable calvarial coverage and an acceptable aesthetic outcome. He will undergo tissue expansion of the remaining hair-bearing scalp in the future.

Background:The medial femoral condyle free flap serves as an attractive reconstructive option for small-to intermediate-sized bony defects. It is commonly applied in the extremities with limited reports in the head and neck. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results: Seventeen articles met inclusion criteria, yielding 166 cases for analysis, with a majority of the cohort from a single study (n = 107; 64.4%). However, all included studies represented novel reconstructive sites and surgical indications. Flap components were described in 157 cases; periosteum was used only in four cases (2.5%), whereas all others are composed of cortical bone combined with periosteum, cancellous bone, and/or cartilage (97.5%). Additionally, a skin island was used in 43 cases (25.9%). Flap measurements were reported in 51 cases, averaging 4.5 ± 2.7 cm in length. Seven cases listed skin island dimensions, averaging 20.2 ± 12.8 cm 2 . The descending genicular artery was the primary pedicle employed (n = 162; 97.6%), while the superior medial genicular was used in the descending genicular artery's absence (n = 4; 2.4%). Descending genicular artery pedicle length from 15 reporting cases averaged 6.4 ± 1.2 cm. Successful reconstructions totaled 160 cases (96.4%). Recipient complications were seen in 16 cases (9.6%) with six constituting flap failures (3.6%). Donor site complications were minimal (n = 6; 3.6%); however, this included one major complication of femoral shaft fracture. Conclusion:The medial femoral condyle free flap is an effective reconstructive option for the head and neck due to its versatile nature, low complication profile at both recipient and donor site, ease of harvest, and two-team approach.