The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) occurs in discontinuous populations throughout the eastern and central United States. The species exhibits high levels of polymorphism in morphological traits, especially in coloration and pattern. Previous studies recognized either distinct northern and southern subspecies or three regional morphs (northern, southern, and western), but conflicting data sets and limited geographic sampling o f previous studies have left the relationships among those regional variants unclear. In this study, univariate and multivariate statistics, together with a geographic information system, were used to analyze geographic variation in 36 morphological characters recorded from 2,420 specimens of C. horridus across its range.Sexual dimorphism was strong in ventral and subcaudal scales, and weak to moderate in band length and band spacing. Univariate analyses detected substantial geographic variation in all meristic characters. Scutellation exhibited a general northsouth pattern of variation, and most scale counts averaged higher in southern regions. Pattern characters differentiated the northeastern, central-eastern, and north-central regions from the southern and western regions. Coloration displayed a pattern of strong clinal variation among three broad areas consisting of the combined northeastern, centraleastern, and southern Appalachian regions, the northwestern regions, and the southern Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. regions. Morphometric characters exhibited a general north-south pattern of geographic variation, with larger head and body sizes in southern regions. Principal component analysis indicated that band length was the most important variable for characterizing geographic variation. The northeastern regions remained moderately distinct in all multivariate cluster analyses. The northwestern regions appeared very distinct in most cluster analyses for females. However, the clusters in all models showed extensive geographic overlap. Percentage maps of clusters revealed two north-south patterns of clinal variation among the northeastern, northwestern, and southern regions. The discordant patterns of variation among individual characters, the overlapping patterns of coloration, and the extensive overlap among the multivariate clusters collectively indicate that zones of intergradation among subpopulations of C.horridus are much broader than previously thought. Furthermore, the general patterns of geographic variation are strongly clinal and support the conclusion that C. horridus is a single widespread, polymorphic species.Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V This dissertation is dedicated to my mother, Barbara Allsteadt, for her unconditional love and support.Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
