Electroshocking has long been employed as a survey technique for fish, but has not been directly tested against rock rolling as a survey methodology for stream-dwelling amphibians. Electroshocking has the potential to reduce habitat disturbances that result from surveys, improve abundance estimates, and reduce injuries and effort in collecting data. Furthermore, accurately quantifying species and survey techniquespecific estimates of detection probabilities is critical for appropriately interpreting survey results and employing occupancy analyses. We tested the efficiency and sensitivity of rock rolling and electroshocking in detecting Idaho giant salamanders (Dicamptodon aterrimus) in a small stream in northern Idaho, USA, by sampling short (25 m) segments of a stream using both survey techniques. We also conducted multi-pass surveys of 400-m stream segments to estimate detection probabilities for D. aterrimus and Rocky Mountain tailed frog (Ascaphus montanus). Using electroshocking, we detected D. aterrimus 40% more often than by rock rolling and detected 3.5 times as many individuals, with substantially reduced effort. Using electroshocking, detection probabilities were 1.0 for D. aterrimus and 0.79 (95% CI ¼ 0.63-0.88) for A. montanus. Our results show electroshocking to be a much more sensitive and efficient method of detecting streamdwelling amphibians than the traditional technique of rock rolling. Electroshocking can serve as an important survey technique for secretive stream-dwelling amphibians, allowing managers to quickly and safely acquire valuable data of better quality. ß 2012 The Wildlife Society.

We report recent findings of Isthmohyla pictipes (Cope, 1875) in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, roughly two decades after it was last registered. We provide notes on microhabitat use, color variation, external morphology of adults and larvae, and geographic variation, and discuss some taxonomic characters employed to differentiate I. pictipes from I. tica (Starrett, 1966) and I. xanthosticta (Duellman, 1968). We also report fluorescence on the ventral surfaces of I. pictipes. Our findings are expected to shed light on the taxonomy of this species and should be useful in further population assessments and conservation plans.

The pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been associated with amphibian declines worldwide but has not been well-studied among Critically Endangered amphibian species in Bolivia. We sampled free-living marbled water frogs Telmatobius marmoratus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Isla del Sol, Bolivia, for Bd using skin swabs and quantitative polymerase chain reactions. We detected Bd on 44% of T. marmoratus sampled. This is the first record of Bd in amphibians from waters associated with Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. These results further confirm the presence of Bd in Bolivia and substantiate the potential threat of this pathogen to the Critically Endangered, sympatric Titicaca water frog T. culeus and other Andean amphibians.

C raugastor talamancae (Dunn 1931) is a species of frog that lives in undisturbed lowland forests on the Atlantic versant of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama at elevations from 0-650 m (Savage 2002;Crawford and Smith 2005;Sunyer et al. 2009; Fig. 1). The species was first described from the type locality of Almirante, Panama (Dunn 1931).Craugastor talamancae is a medium-sized (SVL = 30-50 mm), brownish frog with a dark bar running through the eye and often with a pale upper lip, especially in juveniles. Males of this species have vocal slits, a subgular vocal sac, and nuptial pads (Savage 2002;Hedges et. al 2008). During the day, C. talamancae spends much of its time in the leaf litter, becoming active at night and moving to low vegetation after dark (Savage 2002).This species currently belongs to the Craugastor fitzingeri species group (Padial et al. 2014), which consists of six frogs, including the closely-related C. crassidigitus (Taylor 1952) and C. fitzingeri (Schmidt 1857). The advertisement calls of the frogs in this species group are said to consist of "a series of chirps, mews, or clacks" (Hedges et al. 2008). The advertisement call of C. talamancae has been described variously as a high-pitched "mew" (Savage 2002) or a "squawk" (Cossel and Kubicki 2017). However, no quantitative, formal descriptions of any vocalizations have been made for this species. Our objective was to describe the temporal and spectral characteristics of the vocalizations of this species and compare them to those of the closely-related taxa C. crassidigitus and C. fitzingeri.