An argumentation based negotiation model is supported by information theory. Argumentative dialogues change the models of agents with respect to ongoing relationships between them. Trust and Honour are key components. Trust measures expected deviations of behaviour in the execution of commitments. Honour measures the expected integrity of the arguments exchanged. We understand the rhetorical moves in a dialogue as actions to project the current relationships into the future.

Recommender systems attempt to predict items in which a user might be interested, given some information about the user's and items' profiles. Most existing recommender systems use content-based or collaborative filtering methods or hybrid methods that combine both techniques (see the sidebar for more details). We created InformedRecommender to address the problem of using consumer opinion about products, expressed online in free-form text, to generate product recommendations.Our process builds a collection of relevant consumer product reviews. Technically, the procedure for collecting reviews follows the algorithms for automated news extraction from news sites. 1 Once the product opinions mining base is populated, we employ text-mining techniques to extract useful information from review comments. Here, we discuss the overall framework for automating the use of consumer reviews and the framework's individual components. Where possible, we've used existing algorithms (for example, in the text-mining process) because our goal is to demonstrate our approach's strengths. System overviewOur recommender process involves several steps. For review information to be useful for the recommendation process, we must translate it into a structured form and communicate it to the process in a form suitable for generating recommendations. We've developed and employed an ontology to translate opinions' quality and content into a form the recommender process can use. The text-mining process automatically maps the review comments into the ontology's information structure.A ranking mechanism computes a product's rating using the information from the consumer reviews stored in the ontology. It prioritizes that information with respect to the consumer's level of expertise in using the product under consideration. The recommender system makes a recommendation based on the ontology data. Therefore, the recommendation quality depends on accurately mapping the proper knowledge from the semantic features in the review comments into the ontology structure. Figure 1 shows our proposed system's overall process structure, and the following sections outline the steps involved. Representing consumer reviewsOur first step was to find a suitable tool for extracting the information in the text and converting it into structured data. Identifying an appropriate representation of consumer opinions that the system can use is a key problem. One way to convert these opinions to a structured form is to use a translation ontology, which is typically used as a form of knowledge representation and sharing. In this application, the R e c o m m e n d e r S y s t e m sContent-based filtering methods use information about the item itself to make suggestions, rather using than information about other consumers' preferences. Such systems emulate the behavior of a consumer recommending a product to a friend because he or she has used the product and knows the friend's preferences in terms of product features.Content-based recommender systems uniquely characterize...

Background: Reptiles are known to be asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella spp. in their gastrointestinal mucosa and a variety of Salmonella serovars including exotic serovars mainly associated with reptiles as well as human pathogenic serovars have been isolated. There are many case reports of reptile-associated Salmonella infections worldwide, including one case in Norway in 2000. In August 2017, there was a legislative change in Norway that allowed more permissive reptile ownership and legalized the keeping of 19 different reptile species by private persons. There has been a concern that this new legislation will lead to an increase in reptile-associated salmonellosis in Norway, however knowledge is lacking on the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in Norwegian reptiles. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in captive reptile species in Norway, identify the serovars and evaluate their zoonotic potential. Thus, cloacal swabs were taken from 53 snakes, 15 lizards and 35 chelonians from three Norwegian zoos, and assessed for the presence of Salmonella spp. by culture, biochemical testing and serotyping. Results: In total, 43% of the reptiles were shedding Salmonella spp., with a prevalence of 62%, 67% and 3% in snakes, lizards and chelonians, respectively. A total of 26 different serovars were found, including Salmonella enterica spp. enterica (40%) and S. enterica spp. arizonae (4%), both of which are considered to have a high zoonotic potential. S. enterica spp. diarizonae, salamae and houtenae were also identified, however these serovars are considered to have a lower zoonotic potential. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates that captive Norwegian reptiles are carriers of potentially zoonotic Salmonella spp. Given the increasing popularity of reptiles as pets and the legislative change, reptile-associated salmonellosis could become an increasingly important public health concern in Norway. Adequate public information about the risk of Salmonella infection as well as preventive measures to avoid Salmonella transmission from reptiles to humans is needed. The risk of Salmonella infection is considered low when recommended precautions are taken and good hygiene exhibited.

Successful negotiators prepare by determining their position along five dimensions: Legitimacy, Options, Goals, Independence, and Commitment, (LOGIC). We introduce a negotiation model based on these dimensions and on two primitive concepts: intimacy (degree of closeness) and balance (degree of fairness). The intimacy is a pair of matrices that evaluate both an agent's contribution to the relationship and its opponent's contribution each from an information view and from a utilitarian view across the five LOGIC dimensions. The balance is the difference between these matrices. A relationship strategy maintains a target intimacy for each relationship that an agent would like the relationship to move towards in future. The negotiation strategy maintains a set of Options that are in-line with the current intimacy level, and then tactics wrap the Options in argumentation with the aim of attaining a successful deal and manipulating the successive negotiation balances towards the target intimacy.

Objectives To identify radiographic features that can be used to aid in the diagnosis of small intestinal obstruction in pet rabbits. Materials and Methods Retrospective study comparing radiographic features of 63 cases of confirmed intestinal obstruction with 50 abdominal radiographs taken of rabbits without gastrointestinal disease. Abdominal radiographs were examined for gastric size, gastric contents, small intestinal dilatation and gas within the large intestine and caecum. Results Gastric size, gastric contents, small intestinal dilatation and gas within the large intestine and caecum were all features that differed between rabbits with small intestinal obstruction and rabbits without gastrointestinal disease. Radiographic features associated with small intestinal obstruction included severe gastric dilation, gastric contents primarily consisting of liquid and gas, small intestinal dilation and absence of large amounts of gas in the caecum and large intestine. Clinical Significance Observation on gastric size, small intestinal dilatation and gas within the large intestine and caecum aid in radiological diagnosis of small intestinal obstruction in rabbits and so can guide appropriate treatment.