The most commonly used weapon in the arsenal of human rights proponents is shaming the violating government through public criticism. But does this really affect the behavior of the violator? This study examines how governments that are targeted for human rights criticism respond to subsequent contentious challenges. Analyzing 873 challenges in seven Latin American countries between 1981 and 1995, it is found that human rights criticism does lead governments to reduce repression of subsequent challenges in cases where there are relatively strong economic ties to other countries. However, the duration of this impact is relatively short—less than 6 months. Examination of the source of human rights criticism shows that criticism by NGOs, religious groups, and foreign governments was more effective than criticism from inter‐governmental organizations.

This article examines how seven Latin American governments responded to 827 contentious political challenges. The research goes beyond most previous research by considering four governmental responses: concession, repression, toleration, and the combination of concession and repression. The results show that challengers can increase their chances of winning concessions by making limited demands and utilizing nonviolent occupations and hunger strikes. Violent challenges are ineffective and tend to result in repression. Governments also tend to offer concessions under democratic regimes or when they have recently been criticized for human rights abuses while also receiving substantial foreign aid and investment.

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With rein-deer's fat, and strips of cotton shirts, we formed candles : and Vol. it. D 34 JOURNEY TO THE SHORES Hepburn acquired considerable skill in the manufacture of soap, from the wood-ashes, fat, and salt. The formation of soap was considered as rather a mysterious operation by our Canadians, and, in their hands, was always supposed to fail if a woman approached the kettle in which the ley was boiling. Such are our simple domestic details. On the 30th, two hunters came from the leader, to convey ammunition to him, as soon as our men should bring it from Fort Providence. The men, at this time, coated the walls of the, house on the outside, with a thin mixture of clay and water, which formed a crust of ice, that, for some days, proved impervious to the air ; the dryness of the atmosphere, however, was such, the lamps sufficing to keep the other apartments warm: OF THE POLAR SEA. 47 REFERENCES TO THE PLAN. A. Ablokeyt, steps. B. Pahkeuk, porch. C. Wadl-leekj passage. D. Haddnceweek, for the reception of the sweepings of the house. E. G. Tokheuook, antechamber, or passage. F. Anmrt'ceartoweek. H. Eegah, cooking-house. I. Eegah-natkah, passage. K. Keidgeivack, for piling wood upon. M. Keek loot, fireplace built of stone. L. Keek kloweyt, cooking side. N. Eegloo, house. O. Kattack, door. P. Nattceuck, clear space in the apartment. a. d. Eekpuf, a kind of shelf where the candle stands ; and b. c. a pit where they throw their bones, and other offal of their provision. Q. Eegl-luck, bed-place. S. bed-place, as on the other side. R. Eegleetecet, bedside or sitting-place. T. Kietgn-nok, small pantry. U. HcergUack^storehouse for provisions. * Akaitcho the Leader. Also Akaitcho.

Quantitative elemental analysis by glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) requires a calibration factor for each element. The calibration factors used in the present work are called relative ion yields (RIYs). The RIYs of each of 19 elements within samples of four National Institute of Standards and Technology steel reference materials (nos. 661-664) were measured using pure argon and an argon mixture containing 1.0% hydrogen by volume. The RIYs measured using pure argon correlated within a factor of approximately 2-3 to the RIYs calculated by a theoretical model. The RlYs measured for these 19 elements using the argon mixture containing 1.0% hydrogen correlated within a factor of approximately 1.3 to the calculated RIYs. These results may have significant analytical potential with respect to GDMS and may have application to other plasma techniques.