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Illegal use of reserved parking spaces represents a major obstacle to the independence and mobility of people with physical disabilities. Using an ABACACA reversal design, the daily rates of illegal parking in four reserved spaces were examined across three types of sign displays: (a) a vertical sign alone or in combination with (b) a message sign that announced the possibility of public surveillance or (c) a message dispenser device that announced community involvement and dispensed politely worded reminder notes. The average rate of illegal parking dropped from 51.3% during the initial vertical sign phase to 37.3% under the message sign condition, followed by an increase to 50.4% when the message was removed. Illegal parking decreased to 24.5% when the message dispensers were first used (followed by an increase to 57.0% when they were removed) and to 23.7% when the message dispenser condition was repeated. Illegal parking in the final vertical sign condition failed to return to previous levels (M = 37.3%).

Numerous strategies have been employed to examine ways to reduce the litter problem in society. However, the problem continues. Although the research does rot suggest a single "cure-all" method to eliminate littering behavior, many simple, creative, and cost-efficient strategies have proven to be effective. This review examined 40 articles and 59 studies that employed either an antecedent or consequence strategy. Of the 59 studies, 46 used antecedent techniques and 13 used consequence techniques. Both strategies were generally effective in reducing litter. The strengths, limitations, and general results of the techniques were examined. Future research should include more utility analyses, studies of the long-term effects of interventions, and large-scale interventions.

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