This thesis tested some of Levinson's (1997) ideas on why people like music that makes them sad. A path model of this effect was interpreted from Levinson's theory, and 5 of the paths were tested. These paths were that music would directly create a communion with the song, that happiness and sadness would mediate this effect, that absorption would moderate the direct path, that absorption would moderate the songs' ability to evoke the emotions, and that satisfaction would moderate the emotions' influence on liking the songs. A pilot study was conducted to determine if the songs evoked their intended emotions. The pilot study included 6 songs: two fast, major songs to induce happiness; two repetitive songs intended to be neutral; and two slow, minor songs to evoke sadness. One song for each condition was retained for the primary study. All participants listened to all three songs in a counterbalanced order and completed a measure of absorption in a counterbalanced order. The music did not directly cause a change in communication scores, but happiness mediated it. Sadness did not. Absorption did not moderate the direct path, either. It also did not moderate the songs' ability to evoke emotions. Satisfaction did not ! ! ! "! ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the overwhelming, encouraging support from my committee, Drs. Jef Kahn, Andrea Crimmins, and Scott Jordan. Their guidance, support, and commitment to this project have been incredible. Humbly and gratefully, I thank them for their efforts in helping me complete this project.

Huron (2011) theorized that listening to music that induces sadness could lead to higher levels of prolactin, which would lead to increased liking of music that induces sadness, but this relationship would depend on individual factors of age, gender, depression, and personality. This study explored the link between these individual factors on liking music that induces sadness and music that induces happiness to determine if further testing would be viable. This study surveyed 488 college students (338 women, 146 men) and included measures of age, depression, absorption in music, and gender as predictors of liking music that induces sadness and music that induces happiness. Gender and depression predicted liking music that induces sadness, where both men's and women's liking increased as depression increased but did so much more for men than it did for women. Gender and absorption in music interacted to predict liking music that induces happiness. For women, there was no relation between absorption in music and liking. For men, there was a positive relation between absorption in music and liking. Age did not affect liking either types of music. These results imply that Huron's (2011) model could depend on gender, general depression, and absorption in music.Liking music that induces sadness is a perplexing paradox. It appears to be counter-intuitive that people would like something that increases their sadness, but liking music that induces sadness is a very common experience. Studying this phenomenon can help explain how people mitigate negative experiences, find pleasure in suffering, and use music to cope with challenges.

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word patterns that are missing from the training data may be reconstructed based on "sets of stored models." The word patterns as used here take the form of a graph with transition probabilities as in a Markov model. The reconstructed pattern used to fill a training gap appears to be built up from projections of the transition probabilities based on the known phonetic spelling of that word.--DLR match the standard. This patent seems to describe a method that has long been used, which has been described at Society sessions by Hutchins, the author of a Scientific American article listed as a reference in this patent.--DWM 4,819,271 43.72.Ne CONSTRUCTING MARKOV MODEL WORD BASEFORMS FROM MULTIPLE UTTERANCES BY CONCATENATING MODEL SEQUENCES FOR WORD SEGMENTS Lalit R. Bahl et al., assignors to International Business Machines Corporation 4 April 1989 (Class 381/43); filed 16 December 1987 This patent addresses some of the difficulties in training Markov model word patterns for use in a continuous speech recognition system. Specifically, a method is proposed by which word models from multiple utterances of a given vocabulary item may be segmented and the transition probabilities within each segment combined with those of the corresponding segments of other utterances. The result is to improve the overall word model by a sort of averaging process. Segment matching is performed by aligning each utterance with a baseform model for that word.--DLR 4,926,737 43.75.Bc AUTOMATIC COMPOSER USING INPUT MOTIF INFORMATION Junichi Minamitaka, assignor to Casio Computer Company 22 May 1990 (Class 84/611); filed in Japan 8 April 1987 This is a computerized automatic musical composer into which a musical theme or motif can be stored along with a desired musical chord progression and selected rhythm. The computer uses the stored information to generate a melody and accompaniment automatically under the control of parameter limitations intended to make the musical composition acceptable 4,867,030 43.75.Gh BRIDGE FOR STRINGED INSTRUMENTS Walter E. Smith, Boise, ID 19 September 1989 (Class 84/299); filed 21 November 1988 The bridge 10 of this stringed instrument has a base 20 and a saddle 30 for supporting strings 50. Rodlike units 40 mounted within the saddle are constructed from materials differing from the saddle itself, and may be of various materials such as unit 41 of ceramic, 42 of elm, 43 of oak, and 44 of brass. The purpose is for "each of the units contacting a string to produce 6 sounds of varying timbre and sustain dependent upon the characteristics of the materials." The positioning of the strings relative to the rodlike units can also be varied, as shown in the figure, to change the effect upon timbre and sustain.--DWM : MONITOR[ , II by listeners. The background section of the patent explains how the random sampling of note possibilities, characteristic of previous automatic composers, has produced poor quality music. This voluminous patent has 107 figures, 91 columns of specification, and 62 claims.--DWM 4,873,907 43.75.Gh C...

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