International audienceTo predict the impact of climate change over the whole species distribution range, comparison of adult survival variations over large spatial scale is of primary concern for long-lived species populations that are particularly susceptible to decline if adult survival is reduced. In this study, we estimated and compared adult survival rates between 1989 and 1997 of six populations of Cory's shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) spread across 4600km using capture–recapture models. We showed that mean annual adult survival rates are different among populations along a longitudinal gradient and between sexes. Variation in adult survival is synchronized among populations, with three distinct groups: (1) both females and males of Corsica, Tremiti, and Selvagem (annual survival range 0.88–0.96); (2) both females and males of Frioul and females from Crete (0.82–0.92); and (3) both females and males of Malta and males from Crete (0.74– 0.88). The total variation accounted for by the common pattern of variation is on average 71%, suggesting strong environmental forcing. At least 61% of the variation in survival is explained by the Southern Oscillation Index fluctuations. We suggested that Atlantic hurricanes and storms during La Nin˜ a years may increase adult mortality for Cory's shearwater during winter months. For long-lived seabird species, variation in adult survival is buffered against environmental variability, although extreme climate conditions such as storms significantly affect adult survival. The effect of climate at large spatial scales on adult survival during the nonbreeding period may lead to synchronization of variation in adult survival over the species' range and has large effects on the meta-population trends. One can thus worry about the future of such long-lived seabirds species under the predictions of higher frequency of extreme large-scale climatic events
SUMMARY: A country-by-country review of seabird mortality from longline fishing in the Mediterranean Sea and in Macaronesian waters shows a paucity of data. Of 12 Mediterranean countries known to undertake longlining, seabird mortality is only reported for six: France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain and Tunisia. Seabird mortality from longlining has been reported from the Azores (Portugal) but not from the other Macaronesian Islands. Only for one country, Spain, is information on the levels of mortality available, suggesting that 4-6% of the local breeding population of Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea may be killed annually, a level considered unsustainable for the long-term persistence of colonies. Cory's shearwater is the most commonly affected species, although a number of Larus gull species are also being caught. There is insufficient knowledge to conclude whether any seabird species is at conservation risk within the region, but concern is expressed for Cory's shearwater. It is recommended that Mediterranean and Macaronesian countries conduct assessments of their longline fisheries and seabird mortality in terms of the Food and Agriculture Organization's International Plan of ActionSeabirds. Regional fishery organisations, such as ICCAT and GFCM, should commence the collection of seabird mortality data. A "longline action plan" for the affected seabird species should be produced.Key words: seabirds, longline fishing, conservation, Mediterranean, Macaronesia. RESUMEN: MORTALIDAD DE AVES MARINAS EN PALANGRES DEL MAR MEDITERRÁNEO E ISLAS MACARONESIAS: REVISIÓN Y PRO-PUESTAS DEFUTURO. -Este trabajo presenta una revisión de la escasa información disponible sobre mortalidad de aves marinas en las flotas palangreras del mar Mediterráneo y Macaronesia. De los 12 países mediterráneos que disponen de flota palangrera tan sólo 6 han aportado información sobre mortalidad de aves marinas: Francia, Grecia, Italia, Malta, España y Túnez. También se sabe que existe mortalidad de aves marinas en las islas Azores (Portugal) pero no en el resto de las islas de la Macaronesia. Tan sólo España dispone de información sobre niveles de mortalidad. Es posible que entre el 4-6% de la población reproductora local de pardela cenicienta Calonectris diomedea muera en el palangre anualmente, un nivel que se considera insostenible para la persistencia a largo plazo de las colonias. La pardela cenicienta es la especie más afectada, aunque también se capturan gaviotas del género Larus. Aunque no se sabe lo suficiente como para concluir si alguna especie de ave marina está amenazada localmente por el palangre, se sugiere que la pardela cenicienta sí puede estarlo. Se recomienda que los países mediterráneos y macaronésicos lleven a cabo valoraciones de sus pesquerías de palangre y de la mortalidad de aves marinas en los términos de los planes internacionales de acción de la FAO. Las organizaciones pesqueras
During the past decade, a large number of cell-based medicinal products have been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of various diseases and tissue defects. However, licensed products and those approaching marketing authorization are still few. One major area of challenge is the manufacturing and quality development of these complex products, for which significant manipulation of cells might be required. While the paradigms of quality, safety and efficacy must apply also to these innovative products, their demonstration may be demanding. Demonstration of comparability between production processes and batches may be difficult for cell-based medicinal products. Thus, the development should be built around a well-controlled manufacturing process and a qualified product to guarantee reproducible data from nonclinical and clinical studies.
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