Intrapleural administration of 40 ml of bupivacaine 0.25% does not provide effective pain relief for ipsilateral post-thoracotomy shoulder pain.

No abstract

Both intrathecal opioids reduce intraoperative discomfort, but only diamorphine reduced postoperative analgesic requirement beyond the immediate postoperative period.

Tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLM) are formed on 1) pure tether lipid triethyleneoxythiol cholesterol (EO(3)C) or on 2) mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of EO(3)C and 6-mercaptohexanol (6MH). While EO(3)C is required to form a tBLM with high resistivity, 6MH dilutes the cholesterol content in the lower leaflet of the bilayer forming ionic reservoirs required for submembrane hydration. Here we show that these ionic reservoirs are required for ion transport through gramicidin or valinomycin, most likely due to the thermodynamic requirements of ions to be solvated once transported through the membrane. Unexpectedly, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows an increase of capacitance upon addition of gramicidin, while addition of valinomycin decreases the membrane resistance in the presence of K(+) ions. We hypothesise that this is due to previously reported phase separation of EO(3)C and 6MH on the surface. This results in ionic reservoirs on the nanometre scale, which are not fully accounted for by the equivalent circuits used to describe the system.

The Montgomery T-tube is a device used as a combined tracheal stent and an airway after laryngotracheal surgery. The device is used mostly in specialist centres for head and neck surgery, and therefore, many anaesthetists may be unfamiliar with its use. The Montgomery T-tube presents the anaesthetist with challenges both during its surgical insertion when acute loss of the airway might occur and also during induction of anaesthesia in patients who have such a tube in situ. Anaesthetists who are unfamiliar with the tube may have to resort to ingenious ways of coping with the problems of a shared airway with a T-tube, which does not have a suitable adaptor for a standard catheter mount, as well as controlling and maintaining ventilation through the device. Safe management of such patients requires careful planning. We describe the anaesthetic management of two cases to illustrate the problems associated with Montgomery tubes.