The stance of the reviewer is pluralistic, but, since psychoanalytic and behavioristic views have dominated the literature, a correspondingly large portion of the review is devoted to these orientations. Problems relative to definitions, normative studies, etiological and treatment considerations, and follow-up studies are discussed. A distinction between etiology and treatment is maintained. Alternative viewpoints are discussed, with the implication that they are complementary, rather than mutually exclusive. School phobias are discussed independently of phobias in general, since the similarities between them seem to be more terminological than etiological.

This study investigated the therapeutic feasibility of self-administered punishment of imagined behaviors. It was predicted that if imagined behaviors were punished, corresponding overt behaviors would be suppressed. Students were randomly assigned to one of five experimental groups. In one group, self-administered shock was contingent upon actual smoking, while in another it was contingent upon imagined smoking. Additional controls were provided by placebo, wait, and minimal-contact groups. Data was inconclusive for female 5s. For moderately smoking male 5s, the imagined-smoking and actual-smoking treatments were both effective, but not differentially so. With heavy-smoking males, the imagined-smoking treatment was the only highly effective therapy. It was significantly more effective than the placebo (p < .05) or actual-smoking (p < .001) treatments, and it replicated.

This article examines the relationship between forgiveness styles (conjunctive and disjunctive models) and sexual abuse. Surveys from 114 university students were analyzed for differences between non-sexually abused and sexually abused subjects on a number of psychological and physical well-being variables. A number of differences were found including higher levels of reported verbal and physical abuse for the sexually abused subjects. Only one sexually abused subject was found that fit the pattern of conjunctive forgiveness (one of reconciliation) towards the offender. The majority of sexually abused subjects preferred to keep their distance from the abuser, regardless of the extent to which the abuser had been forgiven. The results suggest that reconciliation within forgiveness may not be an appropriate goal for all subjects.

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