The myocardium in patients with HCM is heterogeneously thickened and the fractional thickening and circumferential shortening of the abnormally thickened myocardium are reduced compared with healthy subjects. The decrease in fractional thickening and shortening is inversely related to the local thickness.

HPVG can occur in the setting of severe gastrointestinal disease states and following endoscopic procedures. It is critical that gastroenterologists are aware of the differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, diagnostic approach and management of HPVG.

Radiologic signs are recognizable, characteristic patterns used to describe abnormalities visualized on imaging modalities that ultimately aid in the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of disease. This pictorial essay discusses 23 classic roentgenographic signs used in thoracic imaging. Its purpose is to be used as an educational review for residents, whether they are beginning their training or preparing for certification exams, and serve as a refresher and a reference to the practicing radiologist.

In patients with RVPO, compared with healthy subjects, the septal function was reduced, as evidenced by reduced thickening and shortening fractions. The distortion in LV cavity at end systole due to the flattening of the septum contributes to preserved systolic ventricular function and nonuniform distribution in endocardial circumferential shortening.