Urinary tract infections are among the most prevalent extra-intestinal infections, with high prevalence globally. This cross-sectional study established prevalence of bacterial aetiology causing urinary tract infection (UTI) and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. A questionnaire was used to capture socio-demographic data and possible UTI risk factors among the 206 consented adults seeking medicare at Kiambu Level 5 Hospital. The collected midstream urine samples were subjected to dipstick analysis, microscopy and culture for UTI diagnosis. Results: The overall prevalence rate of UTIs was 27.6%, with women's prevalence rate being significantly higher at 80.7% compared to men 19.2%. Pregnant women had UTI prevalence at 34% which was higher than other sets of participants. Women who did not frequently change their underpants daily had a higher UTI cases at 34.8%. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most prevalent bacterial pathogens at 38.5%, 21% and 19.3%, respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity analysis revealed high resistances towards Sulfamethoxazole and Ampicillin at range between 50% -85%, suggesting that these drugs are no longer effective for UTI empirical treatment. The resistance patterns towards Cefotaxime, Cefepime and Ciprofloxacin were below 40%. However, more resistance patterns at a range between 14% -40% revealed towards Amoxicillin-clavulanic and Nitrofurantoin imply that these are drugs remain potent but there is the need to revise the current UTI management guidelines.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) during pregnancy are among the most common infections worldwide and can lead to poor perinatal and maternal outcomes. This study determined the prevalence of UTIs during pregnancy, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of associated bacterial pathogens. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Pumwani Maternity hospital. Their social-demographic profiles were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Cultures were done from midstream urine and antimicrobial susceptibility testing determined using the disc diffusion test. The overall prevalence of UTI was 15.7% regardless of the women's age, parity and stage of gestation. Prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic bacteriuria was 4.3% and 11.4% respectively. Material of undergarment and frequency of changing the undergarments were found to contribute significantly to the acquisition of UTI (P < 0.05). E. coli was the most predominant UTI organism at (44.5%) followed by K. pneumoniae (21.2%) and S. aureus (15.1%). Almost a half (over 49%) of all Gram-negative organisms showed resistance prevalence against third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, Cefoxitin, Nitrofurantoin and Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Gram-positive strains were susceptible to Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, Nitrofurantoin, Linezolid and Ofloxacin. The prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in all study isolates was 96%. Our data suggest a serious resistance trend among UTI strains and

Objective. This cross-sectional study conducted in Kibera, Kenya, sought to gain insights on relative microbial contamination levels of popular unprocessed food types, determine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) burden and the carriage of integrons that are essential elements for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG). Foods analysed consisted of cooked vegetables (kale, cabbage, and nightshades), boiled cereal foods (beans, rice, and Githeri, which is a mixture of beans and maize), meat, Omena fish (fried silver cyprinids), and Ugali (a product of simmered maize flour in boiled water). Results. The analysis detected contamination levels exceeding 2×104 c.f.u. ml−1 in 106 (38 %) of the 281 ready-to-eat foods analysed. The majority of food types had microbial contaminations of between 4.0×104 and 2.3×106 c.f.u. ml−1. Kale was the most contaminated with a mean of 2.3×106 c.f.u. ml−1, while Omena was the least contaminated with 4.0×104 c.f.u. ml−1. Foods sold close to open sewage and refuse sites were more contaminated than those sold in relatively ‘cleaner’ settings (P <0.0001, O.R 0.1162, C.I 0.1162–0.120). A total of 405 bacterial isolates were recovered and included; Klebsiella spp 116 (29 %), Escherichia coli 104 (26 %), Enterobacter agglomerans 88 (22 %), Proteus mirabilis 30 (7 %), Salmonella spp 28 (7 %), Citrobacter freundii 27 (7 %) and Serratia marcescens 12 (3 %). Imipenem (IPM, 100 %) was the most effective antimicrobial agent, followed by cefepime (98 %). Ampicillin (AMP, 33 %), trimethoprim (TMP, 27 %), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX, 23 %) on the other hand, were the least effective antimicrobials. The analysis also found ten isolates (2 %) that had co-resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolone (CIP), quinolones (NAL) and aminoglycosides (GEN); hereby we refer to this phenotype as the βFQA. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was 23 % (93), while that of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing strains was 4 % (17). The bla TEM was the most prevalent (55 %) β-lactamase (bla) gene among the screened 93 MDR-strains. Carriage of class one integrons (intI1) was more common (23 %) than intl2 (3 %) among these MDR-strains. Bacterial diversity analysis using the GTG5-PCR found no significant clusters for analysed E. coli and K. pneumoniae, suggesting recovered isolates were genetically diverse and not due to non-clonal expansion. The findings of this study are an indication that contaminated foods can be a reservoir for enteric pathogens and a source of AMR strains.

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